黄土区夏闲期土壤呼吸变化特征及其影响因素

本文以1984年设立在黄土旱塬区长期田间定位试验为平台,于2009年采用动态密闭气室法(Li-8100,USA),监测了不同施肥措施下旱地冬麦种植系统中休闲期(7月至9月)土壤呼吸、10cm土层的温度和含水量变化,研究了休闲期土壤呼吸变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:黄土旱塬农田休闲期土壤呼吸速率变化剧烈,最大值为5.05μmol m-2s-1,最小值为0.06μmol m-2s-1,平均值为2.00μmol m-2s-1,变异系数为116.5%;整个休闲期不同施肥处理的土壤呼吸速率大小为:化肥有机肥配施处理(NMP)有机肥处理(M)化肥氮磷处理(NP)化肥氮处理(N)和不施肥处理(CK);2009年7月7日至9月11日间NPM、M、NP、N和CK处理土壤CO2-C排放量分别为2.0、1.6、1.2、0.8和0.8 Mg hm-2;土壤呼吸与土壤水分为极显著抛物线关系(p0.01),可解释55%以上的土壤呼吸变异性;土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈显著线性相关(p0.01),但仅能解释呼吸作用变异性的19%~39%;土壤呼吸对耕作的响应强度与微生物量碳极显著线性正相关(p0.01),与土壤有机碳显著线性正相关(p0.05),与全氮、可溶性碳无明显关系(p0.05);降雨对土壤呼吸的促进或抑制主要取决于降雨前的土壤水分状况。长期水分亏缺降雨,降雨可明显促进土壤呼吸,而土壤水分充足时,降雨抑制土壤呼吸,其影响大小与土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤可溶性碳和微生物量碳密切相关。休闲期土壤呼吸受土壤水分、土壤干湿变化、土壤温度、翻耕及土壤有机碳水平等因素的影响。     

耕作模式和播种方式对旱地小麦产量形成的影响

于2015—2017年在山西省闻喜旱地小麦试验示范基地开展大田试验,以耕作模式为主区,设休闲期深翻和免耕两种模式,以播种方式为副区,设探墒沟播、膜际条播和常规条播3种方式,研究旱地小麦土壤水分、产量形成和经济效益的差异。结果表明：休闲期深翻显著提高旱地小麦播前0～300 cm土壤蓄水效益,达46.97%～240.44%;提高旱地小麦生育时期土壤耗水量,达6.48%～13.07%;提高穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,分别达3.32%～7.22%、3.67%～6.53%、1.11%～3.61%、10.23%～13.16%。探墒沟播和膜际条播较常规条播显著提高了旱地小麦茎蘖成穗率,达5.99%～16.87%,显著提高穗长0.8～1.7 cm,提高可孕小穗数1～3个;提高了穗数、穗粒数,分别达5.28%～15.75%和1.51%～11.25%,此外,休闲期深翻后采用探墒沟播较膜际条播减少投入1 200元·hm^-2,主要是旋耕机械投入、地膜和回收地膜人工投入,增加经济效益622～754元·hm^-2。休闲期深翻后采用探墒沟播较常规条播减少投入300元·hm<...     

中国耕地差异化休耕模式及技术措施探讨

耕地休耕模式是实行耕地休耕制度的重要组成部分,探索差异化的休耕模式对中国全面实施耕地休耕制度具有重要意义。该研究运用文献研究法、归纳总结法、系统分析法及案例分析法等,结合中国耕地休耕主要试点区实地调研资料及数据,总结、提炼差异化耕地休耕模式。结果表明：中国耕地休耕模式设计应充分考虑制度主体、制度客体及制度环境等因素的影响,从模式内涵、模式适用区域、典型案例区及主要休耕技术措施等进行设计。中国耕地差异化休耕模式主要有地下水漏斗区节水保水型休耕模式、土地污染区清洁去污型休耕模式、生态严重退化区生态修复型休耕模式、耕作过度集约化区耕地地力保护型休耕模式及耕地撂荒严重区的\     

黔南州冬闲田成因分析及开发利用对策

从自然条件、基础设施、耕作制度、科学技术、生产方式、劳动力结构及扶持政策等方面分析了近几年黔南州冬闲田空闲的主要原因,通过开发利用冬闲田成功例子和效益分析,提出开发利用冬闲田的对策.     

深松蓄水和施磷对旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】针对黄土高原旱地小麦干旱缺水、肥料不合理施用的问题,探索旱地小麦休闲期深松蓄水和播前配施磷肥的最佳技术途径。【方法】于2012—2016年连续4年在山西农业大学闻喜旱地小麦试验基地开展试验,主区为休闲期深松与对照2个耕作方式,副区为施磷(P_2O_5)0、75、150、225、300、375 kg·hm~(-2) 6个施磷量处理,以明确年际间休闲期深松和播前配施磷肥对旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】夏季休闲利于旱地麦田土壤水分恢复,可提高土壤蓄水效率20%—86%;休闲期深松较对照显著提高播种期3 m内土壤蓄水量24—90 mm;提高穗数1%—18%,提高产量3%—25%,提高2012—2013年水分利用效率4%—20%。施磷肥对土壤水分有一定影响,施磷量在0—225 kg·hm~(-2)范围内,旱地小麦生育期内0—300 cm土壤蓄水量以施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)最低;施磷(4年定位试验)降低了生育期内0—300 cm土壤蓄水量,各处理间差异以第4年最显著。本试验中施磷肥的第3年和第4年的土壤水分未达平衡,施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)与未施磷肥间的周年耗水量差异显著,说明长期施磷肥增加了作物对水分的消耗和利用,0—300 cm土壤蓄水量会降低。随施磷量(0—225 kg·hm~(-2))增加,旱地小麦4年平均产量和水分利用效率表现为先增加后降低的变化趋势,并且均以施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)最高,产量各处理间差异显著,水分利用效率施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)与未施磷肥处理间差异显著。此外,F测验显示年份对产量和水分利用效率影响最大,增产效果显示休闲期深松的增产效果高于磷肥的增产效果,最终4年定位试验形成的播前0—300 cm底墒414—546 mm配施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)、底墒556—607 mm配施磷量75 kg·hm~(-2),穗数、产量、水分利用效率均较高。【结论】旱地麦田休闲期深松有利于蓄积休闲期降水,改善底墒;施磷增加了旱地小麦对土壤水分的消耗和利用,降低了生育期土壤水分,增加了周年耗水;休闲期深松每多蓄1 mm水分可增产2—31 kg·hm~(-2),在施磷量0—150 kg·hm~(-2)范围内每多施1 kg·hm~(-2)磷肥可增产2—13 kg·hm~(-2);播前0—300 cm底墒550 mm以下配施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)、底墒550 mm以上配施磷量75 kg·hm~(-2)均可实现较高的产量和水分利用效率。     

冬闲田土免耕种植黑麦草在黔东南的应用示范

根据冬闲田土免耕种植黑麦草在黔东南的种植应用情况,介绍了黔东南种植1年生黑麦草的气候及土地资源条件及在冬闲田土的栽培模式、栽培技术、利用方式及生产上推广应用的效果;2004~2006年,黔东南州免耕有效种植黑麦草2.00万hm2,收获鲜草169914.70万kg,直接经济效益16991.47万元(0.10元/kg鲜草),纯收入10569.80万元(扣出每667m2种草成本214.29元),养畜19.98万个牛单位(1个牛单位/1000.50m2),纯收入12906.05万元(646.00元/1个牛单位),总利润23475.85万元,户均收入1752.52元(免耕种植12.33万户),人均纯收达437.00元。     

Weed seedbank characteristics of arable fields under different fallow management systems in the humid tropical zone of southeastern Nigeria

The composition and pattern of weed flora in arable fields are determined by their seedbank structure; but the influence of fallow management practices on weed seedbank structure is presently unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate weed seedbank characteristics and weed population dynamics in arable fields in natural and planted-fallow systems. The study plots were at Mbaise, a densely populated area of southeastern Nigeria, where farmers regenerate their exhausted soils by maintaining planted fallows of Dactyladenia barteri (Hook. F. ex Oliv.) Prance & F. White, and at Umuahia, a less-densely populated area in the same region, where farmers depend on natural bush fallow for soil regeneration. The effect of three years of fallow on the weed flora of arable fields in the two fallow management systems differed remarkably. The first flush of weeds on fields that were cultivated after three years of planted D. barteri fallow (Mbaise) consisted of 80% broadleaf weeds, 7% grass weeds and 13% sedges. On the other hand, the first flush of weeds on the natural bush fallow fields (Umuahia) of the same fallow duration as the D. barteri fallow system consisted of 17% broadleaf weeds, 70% grasses and 13% sedges. Three years of planted fallow caused 36% decrease in weed seedbank at Mbaise relative to the cropped field while the same duration of natural bush fallow caused a 31% increase in weed seedbank at Umuahia. These results show that the planted D. barteri fallow system has a higher potential to reduce weed pressure in smallholder agriculture than the natural bush fallow system and may explain in part why farmers in this humid forest zone have adopted the practice. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北京九龙山灌丛植被的物种多样性分析*

应用物种多样性的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数（Ｈ）、均匀度（Ｊ）、生态优势度（Ｃ）等指标，测定了北京九龙山１８个天然次生灌丛植物群落的物种多样性、均匀和生态优势度。结果是：Ｈ为１．５５－３．４４，Ｊ为０．５４－０．８９，Ｃ为０．１２－０．４１。物种多样性随生境条件渐好、海拔的递增以及群落结构的复杂性而递增。物种多样性与群落结构有密切关系。它随均匀度增大而增加，与生态优势度的增加而递减。这项研究     

A comparison of alley cropping and block planting systems in sub-humid Bénin

Alley cropping would be acceptable to farmers in West Africa, if the amount of tree-crop competition could be reduced and crop yields increased and stabilized. The importance of overall tree-crop competition in alley cropping was therefore quantified at three locations in the Republic of Bénin, by comparing the performance of a maize-cassava intercrop and mixed hedges of Gliricidia sepium and Flemingia macrophylla in an alley cropping system, where the tree-crop interaction was high, and in a cut and carry system with block plantings, where the interface was restricted to one face. The establishment and productivity of trees in both agroforestry systems depended strongly on the natural soil fertility of the site, K and Ca being critical for both species. Alley hedges produced progressively more cut dry matter with higher leaf proportions than tree blocks and hence yielded significantly higher nutrient masses. Overall, the cut dry matter from five cuttings per cropping season ranged among locations from 855 to 1651 kg ha^–1 yr^–1 for alley hedges and from 777 to 869 kg ha^–1 yr^–1 for tree blocks. Differences in yields of maize and cassava between both systems were insignificant in all three environments and all cropping years under observation. The results of this study suggest that the overall effect of tree-crop competition was unimportant, but that tree-tree competition was the decisive factor in determining the total system productivity.     

Improved fallows come of age in the tropics

Improved fallows are the deliberate planting of fast-growing species — usually legumes — for rapid replenishment of soil fertility. Improved fallows are rapidly spreading in several regions of the tropics as a sensible way for in situ accumulation of large quantities of N in vegetation and soil, as well as for providing sustainability enhancing services. Research on improved fallows increased after the mid 1980s with the development of what is known as the second soil fertility paradigm, which is based on sustainability considerations. Many lessons have emerged from short-term improved fallows (<5 years duration). These include the diversity of farm sizes where improved fallows are used, the advantage of sequential versus simultaneous systems, the utilization of dry seasons unfavorable for crop production, the comparative advantages of woody versus herbaceous leguminous fallows, the magnitude of N accumulation, the strategic use of N fertilizers, and the importance of P. Other key services provided by fallows include fuelwood production, recycling of nutrients besides N, provision of a C supply to soil microorganisms, weed suppression, Striga control, and improved soil water storage. Natural fallows of non-legume shrubs belonging to the Asteraceae family, collectively called daisy fallows, may provide lessons for the development of improved fallows. The maintenance of genetic diversity in fallows is paramount. The main limiting factor in Africa is clearly the supply of germplasm of improved fallow species. This must be overcome though large-scale seed orchards and nursery development before impact at the scale of millions of farmers can take place.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.