浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征

本文分析了浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落特征。3个泥滩潮间带断面调查采获的大型底栖动物共有19种,其中软体动物10种,节肢动物6种,脊索动物2种,环节动物1种。3个泥滩潮间带断面总平均生物量为470.77±314.32 g/m2, 总平均栖息密度为480±248 ind./m2。在各类群底栖动物中,平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位。六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的分布范围分别在1.97-2.14、1.45-1.67和0.83-0.95,平均值分别为2.06±0.08、1.53±0.12和0.90±0.06。六横潮间带大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落已受到一定程度的污染扰动。     

三峡水库消落区植物群落结构及其季节性变化规律

为揭示三峡水库消落区出露期间植物群落结构特征的季节性变化规律,于2017年4、6和98月,设置了15个调查样地,并根据高程将消落区分为145~155 m、156~165 m和166~175 m等3个区域,并设置未水淹区域（高程176~-185 m）为对照。结果表明,消落区出露时间显著影响着植物群落的组成,随着出露时间的延长,消落区植物群落优势种及其优势度变化规律因植物的生活型不同呈现出相反的变化规律。从4月至8月,优势植物狗牙根、牛鞭草、喜旱莲子草等多年生草本植物优势度下降,鬼针草、苍耳、醴肠、水蓼、野胡萝卜、狗尾草等一年生草本植物优势度增加。而未水淹区植物优势种及其优势度变化规律不会因生活型不同而表现出不同的规律,不同地点的植物群落优势种差异较大,相对来说艾蒿较为优势,其次为小飞蓬。高程也是影响植物群落特征的主要因子,消落区植物群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数、植物高度均值显著低于未水淹区域,随着高程的增加,Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数生物多样性指数及、植物高度均值呈增加趋势。三峡水库消落区之所以呈现出目前的植物群落分布特征,植物内在的适应机制包括植物本身的冬季耐水淹能力、夏季抗旱能力、抗病虫害能力以及植物的及其繁殖对策、种源扩散对策等是主因,而外界环境条件,包括消落区土层厚度、地形坡度、土壤基质氮磷等营养盐,以及受水淹持续时间、水淹深度、高程、消落区出露时间等是其主要驱动因子。     

Evaluation of surface water drainage systems for cropping in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia

In Ethiopia vertisols cover about 10% of the total land area and is the fourth most important soil used for crop production, accounting for nearly 23% of the total arable land used for crop production. More than half of the vertisols are found in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia, with an altitude of more than 1500 m above mean sea level. The unique physical and chemical properties of these soils and the high rainfall during the main cropping season create severe surface waterlogging problems which hinder crop production activities. Severe surface waterlogging affects the growth of plants by impeding nutrient uptake and creating oxygen deficiency around the root zone. To address this crop production problem, three surface water drainage methods, namely broad bed and furrow (BBF), ditch, and flat (traditional) methods were evaluated using the water balance of the plant root zone and wheat as a test crop. The experiment was conducted at the Ginchi Research Station in the central highlands of Ethiopia over two consecutive seasons (2000 and 2001). The results showed that both the BBF and the ditch drainage methods gave about 33% and 22% more grain yield than the flat treatment, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between BBF and ditch for both grain and biomass yield during both experimental seasons. During both seasons the total water balance (ΔW_r) at the root zone especially, in the months of June, July and August on all the treatments was higher than the crop water requirement (ETc) and showed no significant difference between the treatments. Thus, the results of this study indicated that the soil water in the root zone was not significantly altered by surface drainage systems and therefore implies the need of further improvement of the different surface drainage methods regarding improving the waterlogging condition and hence the productivity of the vertisols in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia.     

数字化人体模型在车身逆向布置中的应用

以人体参数为依据建立的数字化人体模型能有效的描述人体的形态特性.本文在CATIA人机工程模块中,建立了人群文件,生成自定义的三维数字化人体模型。在此基础上建立了满足不同百分位需求的参数化人体模型。以某汽车为对象,根据SAE标准,综合考虑了踏板行程、汽车视野和上下肢舒适性等因素对驾驶员的影响,最终得到满足各种约束的驾驶员最佳舒适性H点区域。论文研究为针对不同地区人群特性对车型进行逆向开发和逆向布置提供了很好的参考。     

Biological and socioeconomic implications of recreational boat fishing for the management of fishery resources in the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean)

A survey of coastal recreational boat fishing was conducted in summer 2006 in the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean) to assess the biological and socioeconomic implications of this leisure activity. Recreational boat fishers employ four different fishing techniques: bottom fishing rod, fluixa, trolling and surface fishing rod. Although the targeted species depend on the fishing method used, a total of 33 fish species were identified in the catch (8 were pelagic or benthopelagic and the rest were demersal). Fishing effort was high since fishers fished an average of 4 h/day, 8 days/month and nearly 6 months/year. Apart from the highly varied exploitation of the fauna, recreational fishing in Cap de Creus has a large economic effect on the local economy since the majority of fishers were visitors who were spending holidays in one of the villages belonging to the Park, where most of expenditures related to angling activities were made. Overall, results highlight the pressure that recreational boat fishing exerts on fish communities, particularly on littoral, demersal ones. Considering these biological and socioeconomic implications, the competition between recreational and artisanal fishers for littoral resources and the low level of compliance with the current sport fishing regulations, the implementation of a comprehensive management strategy in Mediterranean costal areas is needed.     

海岸带风口沙地提高木麻黄造林效果的研究

自１９９８年５月以来,在福建省惠安县赤湖林场和东山县赤山林场木麻黄基干林带前沿风口干旱沙地,进行提高木麻黄造要效果配套技术研究。经２年试验研究,在分析风口困难立地造林失败主要原因基础上,从木麻黄抗逆品系选择应用,因地制宜确定造林方式,采用深挖整地、放客土、拌泥浆、提早造林季节、选择大雨天冒雨造林、大苗深栽等抗旱造林配套技术以及旱季培土抚育保墒、浇水保苗和筑沙堤设风障防潮防风工程措施相结合的造林方法     

北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种的演变规律

为了给北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种提供参考,利用1986-2015年国家北部冬麦区旱地小麦长治区试点参试品种的试验资料,研究其演变规律,并对产量和主要农艺性状进行相关和通径分析。结果表明,28年间北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种产量呈逐年递增趋势,年平均遗传进展分别为68.163kg·hm~(-2)或1.57%。主要农艺性状演变的总趋势是,有效穗数和千粒重增加,穗粒数略有减少,株高降低,抽穗期和成熟期提前,灌浆期延长,其年平均遗传进展分别为0.18%、0.26%、-0.03%、-0.26%、-0.12%、-0.05%、0.17%。从产量及主要农艺性状变化趋势和变异情况及区域布局、气候条件和育种现状分析,选育抗旱节水性好、高产稳产适应性广的品种是北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种面临的挑战和最终目标。为了适应当前耕作制度、生产条件和气候变化的影响,北部冬麦区旱地品种选育应在加强品种抗旱节水性选择的基础上,通过适当降低株高增强抗倒性来进一步增加穗数,通过选育穗子较大、小穗数适中、结实性好的品种来提高穗粒数,通过选择灌浆期长且灌浆速率高的品种来提高品种的千粒重。     

基于GIS的华宁县滑坡灾害影响因子分析及易发性评价

为了明析区域滑坡灾害影响因子及其易发性,为滑坡地质灾害的防治提供借鉴。以云南省华宁县为研究对象,利用GIS空间分析技术,对华宁县滑坡空间分布及诱发因子进行了分析研究,依据区域地质灾害详细调查资料,建立GIS灾害数据库的同时选取海拔、坡度、坡向、距水系、道路、断层距离、岩性7个诱发因子,利用统计指数对滑坡在每个因子各类别中的占比进行了权重分析,最终确定滑坡灾害易发性分区并阐述其空间分布特征。结果表明:（1）在滑坡灾害分布特征上,具有空间集中分布特征,灾害点密度以中部地区最大,受灾影响人数最大的主要分布在海拔较低的宁州街道和通红甸乡。（2）从诱发因子上看,滑坡灾害大多分布在海拔1 600~2 300 m（占76.06%）,坡度10°~30°（占71.83%）,坡向为E,NE,NW,N等方向上（占71.82%）,距离河流、断层和道路越近,发生滑坡的可能性越大。（3）在滑坡灾害易发性上,高易发区主要分布在宁州街道、青龙镇、华溪镇;中易发区主要分布在青龙镇东北部、宁州街道西南部、通红甸彝族苗族乡中部和盘溪东部;低易发区主要分布在通红甸彝族苗族乡、盘溪镇。华宁县滑坡灾害呈现出东少西多,南少北多的特征,未来华宁县应重点关注中部和西部区域的滑坡灾害预防。     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

狗牙根与空心莲对水库消落带土壤氮磷释放影响的模拟

通过水库水位涨落室内模拟试验,探究丹江口库区消落带优势物种狗牙根和空心莲2种草本植物对土壤氮磷释放过程影响。结果表明:(1)水淹结束后(32天),空心莲子草土壤TN、TP分别降低11.75%,25.28%,狗牙根分别降低3.62%,25.77%。(2)干湿交替环境主要影响土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和AP的含量的变化,对土壤中的TN、TP含量的影响较小。(3)狗牙根的死亡增加土壤TN、NH_4~+-N、TP量,即不耐淹植被过滤带虽然能净化径流中N、P等污染物,但截留的污染物和植物吸收的养分随着植物体的分解再次进入水体或土壤,无法达到有效防控农业面源污染的目的。该研究为丹江口水库利用植被缓冲带防控水体富营养化提供一定理论依据。