乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用及优势分析

随着我国社会经济的发展,逐步暴露出了许多的生态环境问题.而为了维持生态的平衡,就要提高植树造林的力度,这其中碳汇造林就是植树造林工作的延伸.在碳汇造林中乡土阔叶树种发挥着重要作用,针对乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用进行分析,对项目中出现的问题进行优化.     

不同林龄杉木林下套种阔叶树对土壤磷组分的影响

套种是杉木人工林经营的重要措施,磷是南方森林生态系统中主要限制性养分元素之一,但套种模式对土壤磷素的影响尚不明确。以亚热带杉木人工林表层(0-10 cm)土壤为对象,研究套种林(杉阔套种幼林、杉阔套种成熟林)和杉木幼林土壤理化性质和土壤各形态磷含量差异,分析套种对杉木人工林土壤磷含量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同套种林显著改变土壤总磷、土壤总无机磷、土壤总有机磷、土壤微生物生物量磷(MBP)和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性(APA),大小顺序均为杉阔套种成熟林>杉阔套种幼林>杉木幼林。(2)土壤各磷组分中活性磷含量较低,其中NaHCO3-Po在活性组分中占主导;土壤NaOH-Po是中等活性磷的主要组分,杉阔套种成熟林尤为显著;闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)在总磷含量中最高。(3)与杉木幼林相比,杉阔套种成熟林显著增加了树脂提取态磷(Resin-Pi)、碳酸氢钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi、NaHCO3-Po)、氢氧化钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po)、氢氧化钠残留提取态有机磷(NaOHu.s-Po)、盐酸提取态磷(HCl-Pi)和闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)含量;土壤总无机磷、NaHCO3-Po、HCl-Pi、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOHu.s-Pi和Residual-P对杉阔套种幼林的响应不敏感。(4)除含水率外不同林龄下杉阔套种林土壤磷形态与土壤理化性质(土壤总碳氮、土壤可溶性有机氮、土壤微生物生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶)呈正相关性(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤磷组分的变化主要受MBP调控,且MBP与有机磷组分(NaOHu.s-Po、NaOH-Po)和HCI-Pi呈显著正相关。总之,套种林的土壤磷素有效性高于杉木幼林,土壤养分状况更佳。     

广西银荷木林分类的研究

银荷木林是广西亚热带黄壤山地常见的一类常绿阔叶林 .它是在常绿阔叶林遭受破坏后 ,在保护较好的情况下 ,从演替系列群落顺向演替恢复为常绿阔叶林的一个先期类型 ,并向以栲属林木为主的类型变化 .该文对广西银荷木群系作了较详细的研究 ,划分和论述了 1 0个群丛的基本特点和演替趋向 ,可供进一步研究退化生态系统的恢复和重建参考     

大屏障森林公园次生常绿阔叶林的结构特征

应用中心点四分法对大屏障次生常绿阔叶林进行了调查,确定了在大屏障常绿阔叶林的最小取样点数,分析了常绿阔叶林的优势种、外貌以及群落的结构,结果表明,群落以小叶青冈Cydobalanopsis myrsinaefolia和黄牛木Cratoxylum cochinchinense为优势种,群落终年常绿,板根现象不明显,但层间植物比较丰富,体现了一定的南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林特征．群落的结构比较简单,可明显地分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,大屏障次生常绿阔叶林对于该地区具有重要的意义,要加强对其的保护,促进森林的进展演替。     

长白山阔叶红松林乔木幼苗年际动态及影响因素

以长白山原始阔叶红松林样地为平台,对样方中胸径1 cm的乔木幼苗进行监测,基于2006—2014年的调查数据对该群落中乔木幼苗的物种组成、数量特征、新生与死亡动态以及影响幼苗存活的因素进行分析。结果表明:1)群落乔木幼苗近10年物种组成变化较小,每年都可以监测到9个常见种。2)幼苗个体的大量萌发和大量死亡导致群落乔木幼苗数量有较大的年际变化,其中最多年份幼苗密度可达38.9 株/m2,而最少年份仅有3.8 株/ m2。3)不同年份群落乔木幼苗年龄组成中1年生幼苗数量最多,部分年份略有差异。随着幼苗年龄的增加,幼苗数量不断减少。幼苗总体数量同幼苗新生数量动态变化是一致的,幼苗死亡的峰值较幼苗总体峰值有1年的时滞。4)群落水平上幼苗存活与同种大树胸高断面积和林冠开阔度呈显著正相关,与异种幼苗邻体呈显著负相关。群落中幼苗个体大量萌发和大量死亡的现象证明该群落存在明显的更新限制,在一定程度上有利于群落的物种共存。近10年的幼苗监测有助于我们更加准确地认识群落更新过程,因而长期的动态监测十分必要。      

不同采伐强度对闽西常绿阔叶林林分结构稳定性的影响

应用多样性分析方法和改进后的 M.Godron 稳定性测定方法研究常绿阔叶林5种不同强度采伐(弱度9.8%、中度24.5%,强度46.8%和极强度72.3%和皆伐)作业10 a后林分结构稳定性.结果表明,择伐林地林分处于稳定状态,随着择伐强度的增强,林分的稳定性开始逐渐降低.皆伐林地林分处于不稳定状态.对于常绿阔叶林的科学经营,从稳定性出发,应尽量采取择伐方式,尤其是中低强度的择伐方式.     

Tree identity surpasses tree diversity in affecting the community structure of oribatid mites (Oribatida) of deciduous temperate forests

The role of tree diversity and identity as determinants of soil animal community structure is little understood. In a mature deciduous forest dominated by beech we identified clusters of one, two and three tree species of beech, ash and lime allowing to investigate the role of tree species diversity and identity on the density and community structure of oribatid mites. To relate oribatid mite community structure to environmental factors we measured leaf litter input, fine root biomass, mass of organic layers, topsoil pH and C and N content. We expected oribatid mite density to increase with increasing tree diversity, but we expected the effects of tree species identity to override effects of tree diversity. Further, we hypothesized the density of oribatid mites to be reduced by the presence of beech but increased by the presence of lime and ash. As expected tree diversity little affected oribatid mite communities, whereas tree species identity strongly altered density and community structure of oribatid mites. However, in contrast to our expectations the density of oribatid mites was highest in presence of beech indicating that many oribatid mite species benefit from the presence of recalcitrant litter forming thick organic layers. Especially Oppioidea benefited from the presence of beech presumably due to an increased availability of food resources such as fungi and nematodes. Lower density of oribatid mites in monospecific clusters of lime and ash suggests that oribatid mites did not benefit from high quality litter of these species. Notably, large and strongly sclerotized oribatid mite species, such as Steganacarus magnus and Chamobates voigtsi, benefited from the presence of ash and lime. Presumably, these large species better resist harsh microclimatic conditions in shallow organic layers.     

Tree Diversity,Carbon Storage,and Soil Nutrient in an Old‐Growth Forest at Changbai Mountain,Northeast China

Abstract

The study of plant diversity and its role in ecosystem functioning is becoming a central issue in ecology. The relationships between carbon storage and tree diversity of natural forest at small scale are still unclear. This research investigated these relationships in an old‐growth forest at Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. It was found that at small scale, tree carbon storage generally increases with increasing tree species richness, but for stands with same species richness, tree carbon storage varies dramatically. At the small scale, tree species evenness has a significantly linear relationship with nature logarithm of total tree carbon storage. The stand carbon storage of trees is mainly controlled by stand tree composition. Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis, and Acer mono contribute more than 85% of stand carbon storage of trees. Stands with similar tree composition at small scale have different soil organic carbon storage and nutrient contents. Tree species evenness has great impact on soil N content at the soil horizon less than 30 cm deep, but its impacts on C/N, P, K, and S contents are small. Tree density has a negative linear relationship with soil organic C and C∶N ratio at the soil horizon is less than 30 cm deep. The implication of our findings here for carbon sequestration in the Kyoto Protocol is also discussed.     

马尾松人工中近熟林冠下套种阔叶树技术研究

在三明莘口教学林场1959年营造的马尾松人工林内,分别于1984、1990、1991年套种阔叶树研究结果表明:马尾松林冠下套种闽粤栲效果最好,15年生时,闽粤栲平均胸径达15.4 cm,平均树高达16.4 m,蓄积达到171.70 m3.hm-2,显著地增加了林地单位面积的林木蓄积量。闽粤栲是福建乡土树种,适应性广,较为速生,可用于中、近成熟马尾松林的套种栽培。     

次生阔叶林改建为食用菌原料林后的群落恢复和林分生长

选择12年生林相较好的天然次生阔叶林,通过择伐更新和皆伐人促更新2种经营方式定向培育食用菌原料林。研究发现,择伐经营的经济效益较高,且有利于群落的快速恢复,经过7a的封育,林分蓄积量已达到择伐前的水平。皆伐人促更新获得的食用菌材虽较择伐利用高出40%左右,但因经营强度过大,保留的幼树受损严重而不利于伐后林木的生长与恢复,封育期内蓄积增长量分别为择伐更新和对照未经营区的64 7%和73 41%。动态监测结果显示,采用择伐和皆伐人促更新措施后群落恢复较快。疏伐后因透光度的急剧增加,阳性和中性树种大量侵入,地面芽植物和1年生植物的比例增高。到第7a时,高位芽植物的比例已接近未经营区的状态,乔、灌、草各层的物种多样性指数高于未经营的天然阔叶林,物种均匀度则与其相近。研究还发现,2种更新经营方式对土壤养分的损失较小,经过7a的恢复,林地土壤肥力已基本达到原有天然林水平。