Pathogenicity and Virulence of the Two Dutch VCGs of Verticillium dahliae to Woody Ornamentals

Two experiments were performed in two consecutive years to test whether isolates of different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) differ in their ability to cause disease in woody ornamentals, to study the host specificity of the isolates and to get an insight into disease development in woody hosts. A range of woody ornamental plant species, including Acer campestre, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Catalpa bignonioides, Cotinus coggygria, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosa canina, Syringa vulgaris and Tilia cordata, were root-dip inoculated with six isolates of Verticillium dahliae, belonging to the two VCGs that occur in the Netherlands (VCG NL-1 and VCG NL-2). Isolates belonging to each VCG caused severe symptoms of verticillium wilt in most plant species tested. Disease progress differed between plant species, but was generally the same for the two VCGs. No overall differences in virulence were observed between the two VCGs for external wilt symptoms, number of dead plants, or shoot length. No significant VCG × plant species interactions were present for these characteristics. However, isolates of VCG NL-1 caused more vascular discolouration than did isolates of VCG NL-2. Isolates within VCGs often differed considerably in their virulence to certain hosts, as shown by highly significant isolate × plant species interactions. Isolates were more virulent on their original host. These findings imply that VCG identification does not contribute to disease prediction for a range of woody hosts.     

Variation in virulence of Greek isolates ofPhytophthora citrophthora as measured by their ability to cause crown rot on three peach rootstocks

The virulence ofPhytophthora citrophthora isolated from various host-plants on three peach rootstocks (GF677, PR204, KID I) was examined. There was no significant difference among the rootstocks with respect to their susceptibility to testedP. citrophthora isolates. The most virulent isolate originated from sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus); isolates from pistachio trees (Pistacia vera) also showed high virulence but were significantly less virulent than the sycamore isolate. Isolates originating from plum (Prunus domestica), almond (Prunus amygdalus) and lemon (Citrus limon) trees were moderately virulent on peach rootstocks; those from cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum) showed the lowest virulence of those tested. There was thus great variation in virulence among the testedP. citrophthora isolates. It is possible that the isolates ofP. citrophthora from sycamore, pistachio, plum, almond and lemon trees are a threat to peach trees, whereas the low virulence of the isolates from cyclamen hosts suggests that these pathogens are not a serious threat to peach trees. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 3, 2002.     

以固氮树种发展食用菌专用林的建议

许多固氮树种速生丰产，萌生能力强，叶片，木屑含氮率较高，可为食用菌栽培提供理想原料，而且固氮树种在绿花荒山，保持水土，提高地力方面作用显著，以固氮树种发展短轮伐期食用菌专用林，具有较高的经济效益和生态效益，本文介绍了银合欢，黑荆，大叶相思，银荆，桤木，南洋楹和马占相思等在食用菌栽培上的应用概况，各地可因地制宜栽培合适的固氮树种作为食用菌专用林。     

几种落叶果树H2O2含量变化与自然休眠关系的研究

 以设施栽培中常见的几种核果类果树品种和两个葡萄品种为试材, 分析了芽休眠期间 H₂O₂含量变化动态, 并探讨了温度、生长调节剂及化学破眠物质对H₂O₂含量影响的效应。结果表明: 休眠期间,不同树种( 品种) 芽内 H₂O₂含量存在差异, 基本趋势是晚熟品种高于早熟品种, 花芽高于叶芽, 但葡萄品种相反, 早熟的‘京秀’高于晚熟的‘巨峰’; 休眠期芽内 H₂O₂含量基本呈稳步上升后急剧下降的趋势,不同品种急剧下降的时间略有差别, 且与自然休眠解除的时间相吻合。低温(5 ℃) 处理显著增加了芽中 H₂O₂含量, 中温(10 ℃) 使 H₂O₂含量略有增加, 而高温(20 ℃) 却导致 H₂O₂含量降低。休眠前期50 mg.L^-1 ABA 处理显著提高了芽中H₂O₂含量, 而100 mg.L^-1的GA₃和6-BA 处理有减少 H₂O₂含量的趋势, 但二者差异不明显。热带地区常用的化学破眠物质对芽 H₂O₂的影响因树种( 品种) 、使用时期不同而异, 硫脲、KNO₃前期使用对核果类果树影响明显, CaCN₂对核果类无明显效应, 但对葡萄品种作用显著。果树芽 H₂O₂含量的动态变化表明, H₂O₂可能是低温解除自然休眠的原因。     

云南特有野生果树资源及其分布特点

 云南有各类野生果树资源约500 余种, 其中云南特有的164种, 分属35科54属, 多为热带、亚热带果树和浆果类果树, 形成滇南—滇东南、滇西—滇西北和滇中—滇东北3个特有野生果树集中分布中心。这些果树资源用途广泛, 优异性状明显, 有待深入研究和综合开发利用。     

苹果粗皮病与锰含量的关系

对胶东半岛部分发生苹果粗皮病(IBN)的果园的土壤和植株进行了分析测定,结果表明:发生苹果粗皮病的果园土壤有效锰含量较高,而且粗皮病严重果园高于粗皮病较轻果园。发生粗皮病的苹果树花器官中锰含量较高,粗皮病最严重的姜格庄果园苹果树花器官中锰平均含量比观水镇高出139.28mg/kg,比季家埠重病园和轻病园分别高122.34和182.19mg/kg。从4月到10月,苹果粗皮病逐渐加重,叶片中锰含量逐步增高。10月份姜格庄果园最高锰含量达1717.85mg/kg,平均锰含量达1119.69mg/kg,而粗皮病较轻的季家埠果园则仅306.03mg/kg,前者比后者高265.88%。对不同部位锰含量测定表明,锰含量在叶片中最高,其次是韧皮部,木质部最低。表明胶东半岛苹果粗皮病的发生是因为锰过量。可能是土壤锰含量高,pH值低,降雨多,施肥不合理等,造成土壤锰有效性增加.导致树体吸收过量而出现粗皮病害。     

Phylogenetic relationships between rice dwarf phytoreovirus isolates from five countries

Rice dwarf virus isolates were collected from several locations in Japan, the Philippines, China, Nepal and Korea. Genomic dsRNA segment profiles in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis differed among the isolates. There were less differences in the profiles between isolates from Japan and Korea than in those between these two Countries and others. Nucleic acid hybridization was used to examine the extent of genomic variation. Full-length cDNAs to all genomic segments encoding non-structural proteins (S4, S6, S9, S10, S11 and S12) were synthesized from two Japanese isolates, and were used for dot-blot hybridization. Hybridizations using probes generated from the full-length cDNA clones failed to differentiate isolates from different geographical areas. However, cDNA probes covering a variable region of S12 were able to distinguish Japanese and Korean isolates from those of other countries. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the amino acid sequence of P12 encoded by S12 grouped Japanese and Korean isolates together. The Chinese isolates from two different locations (Yunnan and Fujian) were closely related to each other, and were the most distantly related to Japanese and Korean isolates.     

The re-emergence of indigenous forest in an urban environment, Christchurch, New Zealand

Christchurch, the second largest city in New Zealand is a planned city on a coastal plain on the east coast of the South Island. The birth of the city and the subsequent century of development was characterised by colonial values and tree and garden planting with familiar European species along with those from Australia, North America, and eventually all other continents. The image of an “English garden city” with classical parks of oaks and willow-lined rivers became the accepted norm and the way in which the city has been promoted to potential tourists. Gardening is one of the top two recreational activities and exotic species greatly outnumber native species in the flora and in gardens. This has had serious consequences for the highly fragmented and degraded indigenous vegetation and its co-adapted wildlife. A few hardy indigenous species continued to regenerate through this period, but since the 1970s, there has been a progressive change of attitude and interest in reclaiming the natural heritage of the city, manifest in widespread private and public planting of indigenous species and active habitat restoration. In this article we examine the indigenous and exotic shrub and tree components of the Christchurch flora as planted street trees, in domestic gardens, and in parks. We also present data on shrub and tree regeneration in parks and domestic gardens in the city. Indications are that the more sensitive, less intrusive management of urban environments, combined with the greater density of indigenous seed sources, has allowed regeneration of a wide range of indigenous species across a broad spectrum of habitats – from neglected gardens to pavement cracks to exotic plantations. This is despite the competition from the prodigious seed banks and density of exotic trees, shrubs, and ground covers and albeit minimal impacts of introduced browsing and seed eating mammals. If the present trends continue through appropriate management and facilitation, these tentative signs of native forest regeneration should eventually proliferate into a sustainable mixed origin urban forest that resurrects and preserves the natural character of the region.     

Hazard tree liability in the United States: Uncertain risks for owners and professionals

The liability United States (U.S.) tree owners face from hazardous trees on their private properties has and continues to undergo a transformation. The traditional common law legal test focused upon whether a tree owner had acted to create a hazardous condition on the property. The modern trend is towards a test that imposes greater responsibility and greater uncertainty on tree owners and arborists. Abandoning the natural/artificial distinction, the modern test, adopted in half the U.S. jurisdictions, imposes general principles of negligence on tree owners. This paper discusses the U.S. legal context for hazardous trees, particularly the impacts on individual tree owners. It closes by addressing various practical means to minimize the risks associated with the modern legal standards, both for susceptible tree owners, and for professionals assessing the subject property.     

我国部分地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分离株ORF5基因的遗传变异分析

参考Genbank发表的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PKRSV）ATCC VR-2332的ORF5基因序列，设计并合成了一对引物．对来自福建、浙江、山东等地的PRRSV分离毒株进行RT-PCR扩增．获得约748bp的DNA片断，将其分别克隆入pMD18-T载体中，并进行测序。应用DNAStar软件分析所测序列，并与ATCCVR-2332、CH-1a、MLV、Lv等毒株的ORF5序列进行比较，结果表明：SHDl与F114、MLV、ATCCVR-2332同源性高达98．5％，与CH-1a同源性为91．0％，与其它毒株同源性为86．6％~88．4％；F114与MLV、ATCCVR-2332同源性为99．3％～99．7％．其余分离毒株在遗传关系上和CH-1a又分为明显的两个群．显示近年来各地PRRSV分离毒株与cH-1a株的遗传差异越来越大。