生物炭对不同坡度坡耕地土壤水动力学参数的影响

在3种地形坡度条件下,开展了施加生物炭后连续两年的土壤水动力学效应试验研究,探究不同坡度坡耕地施加生物炭当年和次年对土壤水分常数、土壤水分特征曲线、比水容量、非饱和导水率K(h)和非饱和扩散率D(θ)的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭当年和次年均使土壤田间持水率和饱和含水率增大,且随坡度增加其增率变大,生物炭因子两年内对土壤水分常数的影响显著(P <0. 015),而坡度因子影响不显著(P> 0. 05),即生物炭因子作用更明显;施用生物炭两年内,在各个土壤吸力条件下土壤含水率均增大,土壤持水性增强,且同地形坡度呈正相关关系、同年限呈负相关关系;生物炭在两年内均增大土壤比水容量,使其供水能力加强,最大增量1. 830 207×10^-3cm^3/cm^4;地形坡度对K(h)无明显影响,但施加生物炭可使K(h)增大,土壤导水性增强,2016、2017年K(h)最高分别增加239. 61%、164. 04%;施加生物炭可降低D(θ),抑制土壤水分的水平运动,随地形坡度增加抑制效果增强。生物炭施用当年对各土壤水动力学参数的影响大于施用次年。研究结果可为东北黑土区坡耕地农业水土保护和利用提供理论依据。     

基于PhotoScan的径流小区三维重建参数优化

提高径流小区数字地面模型精度是应用三维重建技术研究面蚀细沟间与细沟侵蚀过程的关键。以位于黑龙江省海伦市的中国科学院海伦水土保持监测研究站的裸地小区为研究对象,以验证点与控制点误差比和数字高程模型（Digital elevation model,DEM）误差为指标,优化Agisoft PhotoScan三维重建径流小区的处理参数,降低DEM误差。PhotoScan的精度参数和相机模型设置对DEM误差有较大影响。优化后的验证点与控制点误差比降低35%,改善了径流小区DEM对地面控制点的过度拟合。优化后的相机模型包含焦距、像主点、径向畸变、切向畸变等。基于单点和点云的验证结果表明,优化过程误差降低约40%。相对于默认参数设置下的验证点误差（20.0mm）,优化后的验证点误差为11.0mm,与细沟侵蚀深度标准相当（沟深大于等于10mm）,因此优化后的径流小区三维重建过程更适宜于细沟侵蚀过程的三维表达。     

生物炭对黑土区土壤水分扩散与溶质弥散持续效应研究

为探究施用生物炭对黑土区坡耕地土壤水分扩散和溶质弥散的持续效应,于2016—2019年在1.5°、3°、5°的径流小区开展了生物炭持续效应试验,分析了单次施加生物炭对土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、Boltzmann变换参数ξ、非饱和土壤水分扩散率D(θ)、非饱和土壤水动力弥散系数Dsh(θ)的持续作用。结果表明：土壤中单次添加生物炭后的4年内均可显著降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度、增加土壤中有机质含量,且各指标变化率均随坡度增大、施炭年限延长而减小;坡度、年份、是否施用生物炭3个因素中,对土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量影响程度最大的均为是否施用生物炭;施用生物炭增大了ξ,且ξ随坡度增加、施炭后年限延长逐年减小。2016—2019年D(θ)与Dsh(θ)均随土壤含水率的增加而迅速增加。当土壤含水率小于等于042cm3/cm3时,生物炭抑制土壤水分扩散;当土壤含水率大于0.42cm3/cm3时,生物炭促进土壤水分扩散。当土壤含水率小于等于0.36cm3/cm3时,生物炭抑制土壤中NaCl溶液的弥散;当土壤含水率大于0.36cm3/cm3时,生物炭可以促进土壤中NaCl溶液的弥散。试验区θ处于0.20~0.35cm3/cm3,故施用生物炭对水分扩散、NaCl溶液弥散均具有抑制效果,且生物炭对水分扩散和溶液弥散抑制效果均随坡度增加、施炭后年限延长而减弱。     

Effect of dietary supplemental l‐carnitine on growth performance,body composition and antioxidant status in juvenile black sea bream,Sparus macrocephalus

Effects of dietary l ‐carnitine were studied in juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). The semipurified basal diet [crude protein 450 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM); crude lipid 126 g kg^?1 DM] was formulated to choose white fishmeal as the protein source and fish oil plus corn oil (1 : 1) as the lipid source. Six diets (control + diets 1–5) containing 0.1, 0.12, 0.16, 0.24, 0.39 and 1.1 g of l ‐carnitine kg^?1 diet were fed to triplicate groups of black sea bream (initial weight 13.10 ± 0.05 g) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, body composition and antioxidant status were determined. The results showed that relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly improved by the elevation of dietary l ‐carnitine level from 0.1 to 0.24 g kg^?1, but decreased with further increment (P < 0.05). Lipid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the dorsal muscle whereas increased (P < 0.05) in the liver with the addition of dietary l ‐carnitine. Dietary l ‐carnitine supplements elevated enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione‐S‐transferase, GST) activities (P < 0.05) yet decreased the content of non‐enzymatic factor, total sulphydryl groups (TSH) (P < 0.05). In summary, the optimum dietary l ‐carnitine level was 0.284 g kg^?1 diet by second‐polynomial regression analysis based on RGR (y = ?647.4x² +367.97x + 234.55; R² = 0.977, x = dietary l ‐carnitine levels, y = RGR), and dietary l ‐carnitine addition within the levels adopted in our study could depress lipid peroxidation in tissues of juvenile black sea bream.     

烟属野生种主要植物学性状及黑胫病抗性评价

鉴定了烟属植物野生种生育期等植物学性状特性,评价了供试材料对黑胫病(0号及1号生理小种)的抗性,为开展远缘杂交花期相遇及亲本选配提供了基础数据。在玻璃温室内,本研究针对66份烟属植物野生种的生育期等7个植物学性状的调查,检测了烟碱及钾含量,并对黑胫病(0号及1号生理小种)抗性进行了评价。结果表明:供试材料播种到开花时间(DF)为35.00~357.00 d,平均121.67 d;种子千粒重(TSW)为0.02~0.20 g,平均0.09 g;株高(PH)为11.20~292.75 cm,平均119.19 cm;花冠长度(CL)为1.22~11.50 cm,平均3.98 cm;花冠直径(CD)0.67~7.80 cm,平均2.37 cm;最大叶长(MLL)为6.79~61.15 cm,平均25.17 cm;最大叶宽(MLW)为0.65~35.51 cm,平均11.84 cm。烟碱含量为0.03%~1.81%,平均0.34%;钾含量为0.32%~7.11%,平均3.56%。筛选到N.alata PI42334等11份资源同时抗黑胫病0及1号生理小种。     

红茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸的影响

研究红茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸的影响。将36只雄性KM小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、红茶提取物低、中、高剂量组及别嘌呤醇组。空白组和给茶组连续1周分别灌胃生理盐水和红茶提取物,给茶组第7天造模后1 h给茶;模型组在第7天腹腔注射氧嗪酸钾并灌胃酵母膏造模。测定结果显示:与模型组相比,各给茶组血尿酸(UA)水平均降低;与模型组相比,给茶组血尿素氮(BUN)水平均降低,其中、高剂量给茶组BUN水平显著降低(P0.05),高剂量组差异极显著(P0.01);各给茶组血肌酐(Cr)值与模型组相比极显著下降(P0.001)。高剂量组黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性较模型组显著降低(P0.05),低、中剂量组有一定的抑制作用,但无显著差异。研究表明,红茶提取物对氧嗪酸钾和酵母膏导致的小鼠高尿酸血症有明显的改善作用。     

胡椒园间作槟榔体系小气候对胡椒产量的影响

为确定胡椒园间作槟榔体系影响胡椒产量的关键小气候因子,在海南胡椒园间作槟榔优势区开展4种间作模式与单作胡椒园小气候因子对产量影响的为期4 a的试验,研究不同间作密度下,对胡椒产量有主要贡献的灌浆期的叶片光合作用参数、每日最高和最低气温、不同深度土层土壤温度和含水量,分析胡椒园间作槟榔体系小气候因子对胡椒产量的影响。结果表明:合理间作可以提高胡椒产量,其中间作槟榔株数为765株/hm2的T2处理可以显著提高胡椒产量38.71%,为增产效应最大的处理。分析T2处理增产的原因,发现光强影响的关键光合参数气孔导度对产量有极显著正效应,光合有效辐射、光合速率对产量有显著正效应,T2处理显著提高了这三个光合参数;高温干旱的灌浆期胡椒园日最高温和升温幅度与产量负相关,T2处理显著降低了这两个参数,使胡椒产量增加;表层土壤温度与产量呈负相关关系,T2处理显著降低了表层土壤温度,对胡椒根系有保护作用。综合分析,发现光合有效辐射、日最高温、升温幅度和表层土壤温度是影响胡椒产量的关键小气候因子,所以,这几种小气候因子是用来确定间作模式是否合理的关键参数。     

黑蒜非发酵法制备工艺与抗氧化活性研究

为了提高黑蒜的生产效率、降低黑蒜的生产成本,将蒸制工艺与烘制工艺相结合,设计并优化了一种非发酵黑蒜制备工艺。研究结果表明,非发酵黑蒜的最佳制备工艺参数为:蒸制温度127℃、蒸制时间70 min、烘制温度95℃、烘制时间6.5 h,在此工艺条件下制得的黑蒜总酚质量比为11.15 mg/g,含水率为27.41%,还原糖和总酸质量比分别为7.87 g/(100 g)和36.09 g/kg。在0.06~0.18 mg/m L质量浓度范围内,黑蒜的还原能力是维生素C的1.4倍以上,说明黑蒜具有很强的抗氧化活性。与发酵工艺相比,总酚等活性成分含量相近,但极显著地缩短了黑蒜的制备时间、提高了生产效率、降低能耗,为功能性蒜制品的开发利用提供了技术基础。     

Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Italian Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strains suggests the evolution of local endemic populations of the pathogen and does not correlate with race distribution

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot in Brassicaceae. It is widespread in Italy and severe outbreaks occur under conditions that favour disease development. In this study a multilocus sequence typing approach (MLST) based on the partial sequence of seven loci was applied to a selection of strains representative of the main areas of cultivation and hosts. The aim was to investigate whether the long tradition of brassica crops in Italy has influenced the evolution of different Xcc populations. All loci were polymorphic; 14 allelic profiles were identified of which 13 were unique to Italian strains. Based on the seven loci, the most common genotype within the Italian Xcc strains (AP1) was also the most representative genotype found in worldwide Xcc strains. This genotype was included in a new clonal complex in addition to three other clonal complexes already identified in Xcc populations. The phylogenetic reconstruction using a concatenated dataset of four conserved protein-coding genes, dnaK, fuyA, gyrB and rpoD, showed that the Italian strains belonged to two genetic groups. Physiological races were also investigated for the first time in Italy. The race structure of Xcc was determined by inoculating eight differential Brassica lines belonging to five species and showed that, in Italy, race 4 is the most widespread, followed by races 1 and 6. No correlation was found between allelic profiles, host of isolation, geographical origin and races, although a prevalent race was identified within the same clonal complex.     

覆膜对宁南山区马铃薯光合特性和产量的影响

以青薯9号原种为材料,采用大田单因素随机区组设计,以不覆膜为对照,研究了覆盖黑膜和白膜对马铃薯光合特性、荧光参数、干物质积累以及产量的影响。结果表明：与不覆膜相比,覆膜条件下马铃薯净光合速率提高0.4~3.0个百分点,气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度平均增加31.45%和6.58%,Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、PI分别提高了2.47%、12.18%、20.93%;蒸腾速率在马铃薯生育前期覆膜比不覆膜降低20.82%,而后期却比对照增加8.55%,热耗散量子比率Fo/Fm覆膜较不覆膜处理降低7.11%,差异达显著水平;覆膜比不覆膜处理条件下马铃薯干物质积累量增加0.25~1.86个百分点,大薯率和中薯率分别增加33.78%,15.73%,每公顷产量增加43.08%,其中黑膜处理的各项指标优于白膜,黑膜比白膜和不覆膜增产16.86%、54.20%,差异达显著水平。因此,覆膜处理可以显著提高马铃薯的光合性能、荧光参数和产量,有效缓解干旱等逆境引起的马铃薯的衰老,减轻干旱对马铃薯的危害。在宁南山区,马铃薯采用黑色地膜覆盖栽培技术具有延缓叶片衰老和增加产量的作用。