千岛湖鸟类多样性及其季节变化

从2006年9月至2007年8月,对千岛湖的鸟类进行了调查研究,共发现鸟类6 435只,86种,隶属13目32科,其中,国家二级保护物种6种,属古北界的有36种(占41.9%),东洋界39种(占45.3%),广布种11种(占12.8%).从居留类型看,千岛湖的迁徙鸟较多(46种),留鸟较少(40种),各占总数的53.5%和46.5%.千岛湖拥有优良的自然环境条件,其中,水鸟有28种,林鸟58种,各占32.6%和67.4%.千岛湖鸟类呈周期性波动特征.在10月,丰富度和多样性指数值最高,优势度指数最低,因此,千岛湖鸟类多样性状况以10月(即候鸟迁徙的高峰期)最好,说明千岛湖是候鸟迁移途中的-个重要驿站.千岛湖全部鸟类物种平均密度为20.785只/km~2,秋季最高,达到43.40只/km~2,种数达到69种;春季最低,仅有9.30只/km~2,种数为37种.而且,优势种有5种,占总鸟类物种的5.8%;常见种有17种,占19.8%;少见种有36种,占41.9%;罕见种有28种,占32.5%.说明千岛湖鸟类中,有生存危险的物种百分比较高,需要加强保护与管理.     

厦门高崎国际机场鸟类调查及鸟撞防治的对策

厦门机场及周边活动的常见鸟类共有30科，90种，在整个锥形面内对飞机飞行构成危险的鸟类，主要是白鹭Egretta garzetta，中白鹭E.intermedia，普通鸬鹚Phalacrocorax carbo，黑翅鸢Elanus caeruleus，山斑鸠Streptopelia orientalis，家鸽等大型鸟类；根据各种鸟类习性及其栖息生境的特点分析，提出了以鸣枪，放煤气炮等方式驱赶鸟类。改变鸟类栖息生境以降低鸟类的种群数量等防止鸟撞的对策。     

吉首峒河湿地公园鸟类群落结构调查及多样性研究

2008年3月对峒河湿地公园鸟类资源进行了调查,共记录鸟类84种,隶属14目29科66属,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类2种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类14种。公园内的Shannon-Wiener系数为1.384 2,均匀度指数为0.719 3。同时,用G—F指数对该地区鸟类的科属的多样性指数进行了分析,得出G指数为4.068 5,F指数为14.155 6,G—F指数为0.712 6。与湖南其它几个地区的鸟类多样性相比,峒河湿地公园的鸟类多样性较低,并进一步分析了其鸟类多样性低的原因。     

The buffer effect of non-breeding birds and the timing of farmland bird declines

Breeding territoriality in birds means that a certain proportion of the adult population may breed in suboptimal habitats or not breed at all. Non-breeding birds, or floaters, can have a `buffer effect' on breeding population size. Farmland bird declines in Britain are measured and analysed in terms of numbers of territory-holding birds. We use a population dynamics model to illustrate how, because of the buffer effect of floaters, there can be a time lag between the start of total population decline and detectable breeding population decline. Differences in the timing of declines of closely related farmland birds could therefore be due to slight differences in their population dynamics, rather than differences in their response to agricultural change.     

ALV-J相关的鸡急性纤维肉瘤发病模型的建立

【目的】证明纤维肉瘤病料中含有的ALV-J相关病毒能够诱发急性纤维肉瘤。【方法】将含ALV-J相关病毒的病料过滤液经不同部位接种1日龄817肉杂鸡;将该过滤液不同倍数稀释后接种1日龄SPF鸡和817肉杂鸡;将该过滤液接种细胞培养后的上清液接种1日龄817肉杂鸡,连续动态观测30 d。【结果】颈部皮下、胸肌、腹腔3个部位攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为100%（20/20）、95.2%（20/21）、100%（20/20）。病料过滤液未经稀释接种817肉杂鸡和SPF鸡的肿瘤发生率均为100%（10/10）,10倍稀释后攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为80%（8/10）和100%（10/10）,100倍稀释后攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为100%（10/10）和80%（8/10）,1 000倍稀释后攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为40%（4/10）和50%（5/10）,更高倍数稀释后攻毒鸡没有肿瘤发生。接种病料的细胞培养上清也能使33.3%（2/6）的鸡只发生肉瘤。病理组织学检测显示：诱发的急性肿瘤系典型的纤维肉瘤。【结论】817肉杂鸡肉瘤病料中含有ALV-J相关的急性致肿瘤病毒,不论是病料过滤液本身还是其接种DF-1细胞培养后的上清液都能在不同品种鸡复制出急性纤维肉瘤,最快在接种后7 d出现,且肿瘤发生的时间、动态和肿瘤发生率与接种量密切相关。     

Impacts of atmospheric CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentrations and soil water on the population dynamics,fecundity and development of the bird cherry-oat aphid<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhopalosiphum padi</Emphasis>

The impacts of elevated CO₂ and soil water on the population dynamics, adult fecundity and nymphal period of the bird cherry-oat aphidRhopalsiphum padi (Linnaeus) were evaluated in three experiments: (i)Combined effects of CO ₂ and soil water on aphid populations. Spring wheat was grown in pots at three CO₂ concentrations (350, 550 and 700 ppm) and three soil water levels (40%, 60% and 80% of field water capacity, FWC) in field open-top chambers (OTC) and infested with the bird cherry-oat aphid. Aphid population dynamics were recorded throughout the growing season; at the same time, adult fecundity and duration of the nymphal period were recorded. Chemical composition of spring wheat leaves was also analyzed. (ii)Indirect effects of CO ₂ concentrations and soil water on aphid adult fecundity and nymphal period. The experiment was conducted with the leaf discs method in the laboratory. Aphids were reared on leaf discs excised from the treated wheat in OTC with different CO₂ and soil water levels. (iii)Direct effects of CO ₂ concentrations on aphid adult fecundity and nymphal period. Aphids were reared on leaf discs excised from the wheat grown under natural conditions. The experiment was conducted with the leaf disc method in OTC with the three CO₂ concentrations. It was found that the direct effect of CO₂ concentration on aphid population parameters was minor. CO₂ and soil water affected aphid population indirectly through their effects on wheat characteristics. The aphid population under 550 ppm CO₂ was far larger than the one under 350 ppm CO₂, whereas the population under 700 ppm CO₂ was slightly higher than that under 550 ppm CO₂. The largest aphid population was obtained with the 60% soil water treatment, regardless of CO₂ treatment. The effects of CO₂ concentration on aphid population were, however, not significantly correlated with soil water level. Adult fecundity increased with CO₂ concentration, the highest fecundity being achieved under 60% FWC treatments. The nymphal period was not affected by CO₂ concentration. The shortest period occurred under 60% FWC. Atmospheric CO₂ and soil water had significant effects on the chemical composition of the wheat leaves. Aphid population size was positively correlated with leaf water content, concentrations of soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates and starch, and negatively correlated with DIMBOA and tannins concentrations. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 20, 2003.     

广东新会银湖湾湿地鸟类群落组成、多样性和保护策略

2006年8月～2007年7月,采用样带法,对广东省新会银湖湾湿地鸟类群落进行了研究,共记录70种,隶属13目28科48属.其中国家二级重点保护鸟类4种,广东省重点保护鸟类10种.东洋种35种,古北种26种,广布种9种.鸟类群落多样性以潮滩湿地最高,多样性指数3.514 0,均匀性指数0.881 1.新会银湖湾湿地鸟类资源丰富,分析了鸟类的重要性和稀缺性,开发建设必须正确处理湿地鸟类保护的关系,实现生态环境可持续发展,并提出了相应的保护策略.     

湛江市中澳友谊花园鸟类多样性研究

为了解湛江城市公园的鸟类动态与多样性,2017年7月至2018年6月,采用样点法及样线法,对湛江市中澳友谊花园鸟类群落组成及多样性进行调查,共记录到鸟类40种,隶属8目22科。其中雀形目（Passeriformes）鸟类最多,共12科21种。记录国家二级保护鸟类3种,广东省保护鸟类5种。优势种为白喉红臀鹎（Pycnonotus aurigaster）、池鹭（Ardeola bacchus）、家燕（Hirundo rustica）,分别占总数的13.20%、11.33%、11.58%。鸟类多样性指数（H）为3.00,均匀度指数（J）为0.81;鸟类多样性3月最高,种类共20种,占总数的50%;9月的种类最少,共10种,占总数的25%。     

Mice find endophyte‐infected seed of tall fescue unpalatable – implications for the aviation industry

Bird strike is a significant problem for the aviation industry, caused in part by the attractiveness of the grass surrounding airports to birds. Endophyte‐infected grasses such as Avanex^® have been shown to reduce bird populations at airports through the production of secondary metabolites. These metabolites are unpalatable to herbivorous, omnivorous and granivorous birds and are known to reduce insect densities, thereby making the sown areas less attractive to insectivorous birds. Raptors also provide a bird‐strike threat which could be reduced by controlling mouse populations around airports. In this study, the effect of endophyte‐infected seed on mouse feeding behaviour has been investigated. By performing a choice trial offering diets containing endophyte‐infected and endophyte‐free tall fescue seed, it was shown that endophyte‐infected seed was less palatable to mice (P < 0·001 in a 14‐d trial). Furthermore, when diet positions were reversed, mouse feeding behaviour was modified to again select endophyte‐free material (P < 0·001 over a further 14 d). This result shows that endophyte‐infected grasses could not only be used in the control of bird populations but they also have the potential to control mouse populations which in turn would decrease the number of raptors. This use of endophyte‐infected grasses in areas surrounding airport runways shows great promise for the aviation industry.     

Supply of tree-holes limits nest density of cavity-nesting birds in primary and logged subtropical Atlantic forest

Tree cavities are proposed to limit populations and structure communities of cavity-nesting birds. Although the greatest diversity of cavity-nesting birds is found in tropical and subtropical moist forests, little is known about how tropical logging affects the abundance of cavities or cavity-nesting birds. We compared the abundance of cavities and cavity nests between primary and selectively-logged subtropical moist Atlantic forest in Argentina, and conducted the first before-after controlled nest-box addition experiment to determine whether nest sites limit the breeding density of cavity-nesting birds in tropical or subtropical moist forest. Visual inspection of 86 cavities identified through ground-surveys revealed that only 19% were suitable for nesting birds, suggesting that cavity abundance may be overestimated in the literature on tropical forests. Suitable cavities were found in fewer than 1% of 1156 trees <60 cm dbh but 20% of 20 trees >100 cm dbh. Logged forest had half the basal area of primary forest, one third the density of large trees, nine times fewer cavities suitable for nesting birds, and 17 times fewer active nests. When we added nest boxes, nesting density increased on treatment plots but not on control plots in both logged and primary forest, suggesting that cavity supply can limit nest density even in relatively undisturbed forest. This is the first experiment to show how reduced cavity supply in logged tropical forest can limit breeding density of cavity-nesting birds. International initiatives such as forest certification should promote tropical timber management strategies that conserve large live cavity-bearing trees.