天然白桦林的最优密度模型

林分在其生长发育的各个阶段。都有一个最佳密度使得最终主间伐合计的总收获量最大。为了找到这一密度系列，根据１９９４年在内蒙古大兴安岭林管局收集的２００块标准地及３９１株解析木的资料。以立木密度作为控制变量，以林分蓄积为状态变量以各阶段间伐的总收获量最大作为目标的函数，利用动态规划的方法进行推导。     

桦木小径原条干燥特性的研究

本文主要对直径小于１０ｃｍ、长度１．０～３．０ｍ的桦木小径原条进行了试干。试验结果表明，桦木小径原条的干燥是可行的，影响桦木小径原条干燥的主要因素有小径原条的直径、树龄、材长、节子、夹皮与干燥介质状态。     

Susceptibility of silver birch and black alder to several Phytophthora species isolated from soils in declining broadleaf forests in western Ukraine

In declining broadleaf forests in western Ukraine, several Phytophthora species including P. plurivora, P. bilorbang, P. polonica, P. gonapodyides and P. cactorum were recovered using soil baiting assays and identified using morphological and molecular methods. Pathogenicity tests of selected isolates were performed on black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaerth.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) to assess susceptibility of these two tree species to the newly detected Phytophthora species. Phytophthora plurivora, P. bilorbang and P. polonica showed higher pathogenicity in both alder and birch compared to the other tested Phytophthora species.     

红桦幼苗干物质分配与营养对CO_2升高的响应

采用控制环境生长室研究了2个密度水平下CO2浓度升高对红桦幼苗干物质分配与营养的影响,并分析了红桦干物质分配与养分浓度的关系。试验设2个CO2浓度水平(350和700μmol.mol-1),每个CO2浓度水平下又设28和84株.m-2两个密度水平。结果表明,升高CO2浓度可促进红桦幼苗生物量的增加,但对根冠比没有显著影响。促进效应的存在是由于短期内CO2浓度升高后植物大量吸收了土壤速效养分。CO2浓度的升高加速了土壤养分的消耗,但植物各器官N、P含量均下降,这是由生物量迅速增加产生的稀释效应造成的。     

天然杨桦胶合板材用材林的定向培育

采用固定标准地定位观测和临时标准地调查点面结合的方法．研究了天然杨桦林分的经营密度。 确定杨桦林最佳经营密度为０．７０。通过对杨桦林各径级株数分布以及胸径与小头直径相关关系的综合分析．根据 林分平均胸径和平均树高的生长进程规律及林分最佳经营密度模型．提出了天然杨桦胶合板材用材林定向培育的 技术措施。结果表明：采取该项技术．Ⅲ立地级的山杨林和Ⅱ立地级的白桦林单位面积胶合板用材林的总产量可 分别提高 １６． ４１％和 ４． ５５％。     

Poor recruitment is changing the structure and species composition of an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest

Anthropogenic factors such as elevated deer populations, invasive earthworms or climate change may alter old-growth forests of the Upper Midwest region of the United States. We examined demographic trends of woody species across all size classes over 35 years in a late-successional forest dominated by hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) in Michigan's Upper Peninsula using two sets of permanent plots. For the duration of the study period, species that were less-preferred white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) forage, especially sugar maple, comprised a much higher fraction of all seedlings and saplings compared to overstory trees. The density of small sugar maple declined across the study period, but no other species became more abundant, creating a more open forest understory. By the most recent census, preferred species for deer browse had been nearly eliminated from the understory, and declines in unpreferred species such as sugar maple were also apparent. We found small changes in temperature (<0.5-1 °C rise in minimum and maximum temperatures depending on season) and precipitation (±28 mm depending on season) and little evidence of invasive earthworms impacts. Our results suggest that the sustained elevated deer density is shifting the structure and composition of this old-growth forest. A demographic model showed that if current recruitment, growth and mortality rates were to continue for 500 years the forest would eventually reach a new equilibrium with virtually no hemlock or yellow birch remaining.     

天然杨桦林的生长进程

采用固定标准地定位观测和临时标准地调查点面结合的方法，运用数量化Ⅰ统计分析理论，将天然杨桦林的生长条件划分为Ⅳ个立地级，以Ⅰ立地级为最佳。在立地分类的基础上，研究了天然杨桦林各立地级的生长进程，提出了天然杨桦林树高与胸径生长进程的3个阶段：速生期、均稳生长期和慢生长期。这为杨桦林的分类定向培育提供了理论的依据。     

桦树汁液的外溢规律及其成分分析

在青海省大通东峡林区的白桦林中,用钻孔法取汁,4月中旬开始溢出,5月中下旬终止,产汁量周期变化过程用修正的Logistic曲线方程模拟,效果理想(R=0.986)。一天中白天产汁量占60％～62％,夜里不超过40％,日产汁高峰出现在12:00～16:00时区。产汁量与树木胸径大小没有直接关系,采汁方向不影响采汁量,桦汁中含11种氨基酸,19种微量元素,还有糖类和少量维生素。     

采伐对柞桦林水文效应的影响

通过对柞桦林与其采伐迹地小区径流对比试验表明:柞桦林采伐后,林冠层截留功能丧失,灌草层、枯枝落叶层截留有所增大,地表径流系数增大73.3%,说明采伐对林地的产流有一定的影响;观测结果表明,柞桦林比采伐迹地产生的地表径流、壤中流少;在降水量少于50mm的情况下,柞桦林地一般不出现壤中流。     

Seasonal changes in contents of root starch and soluble carbohydrates in 4–6‐year old Betula pubescens and Popuius tremula

Roots of 4–6‐year old European aspen and pubescent birch were collected monthly during 1983–87 and 1983–88, and analysed to determine their starch, fructose and glucose concentration. Carbohydrate concentrations in aspen roots fluctuated with low levels in May‐June. Seasonal variation was not as consistent in birch roots as in aspen roots. The drop during May‐June occur as consistently in birch. Total carbohydrate concentrations in roots of birch collected from six latitudes (56–67°N) in Sweden showed similar patterns of variation. There were no significant difference between starch concentrations among roots of different diameters (2–11 mm), nor did concentrations differ between sites at different distances (5–25 cm) from the main stem. It was difficult to visually differentiate between low and medium starch levels. Some practical implications of the results are discussed