Long-term dynamics of leaf and root decomposition and nitrogen release in a grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) stands

The decomposition of the leaf litter, fine roots (d?<?2?mm) and coarser roots (2?≤?d?<?5?mm) of grey alder and silver birch, as well as of α-cellulose sheets using the litterbag method was studied in two experimental stands on Podzoluvisol soils in Southern Estonia. For both tree species, the coarser roots decomposed faster than the fine roots, (p?<?.05), tree species did not affect the decomposition rate of the roots (p?>?.5). The nitrogen (N) input to soil from aboveground litter was multiple times higher than the N flux from roots. The remaining relative ash-free mass of the leaves of grey alder and silver birch after three and a half years was similar. After 11 years the remaining relative ash-free mass of the fine and coarser roots of grey alder still accounted for around 10% of the initial value. For silver birch the remaining value was around 20% after 9 years. The litterbag method to underestimates in fertile soils the decomposition of organic matter and thus did not reflect the actual dynamics of decomposition.     

白桦新品种‘朝霞1号’

‘朝霞1号’是从转基因白桦中发现的T-DNA插入突变株，树冠伞形，侧枝下垂。主干树皮灰白色，呈层状剥裂，枝条红褐色。叶片单叶互生，纸质，宽卵形，夏季呈鲜艳黄绿色，秋季呈金黄色，叶尖为尾尖，叶基截形，叶缘重锯齿、浅裂。果序单生、下垂，坚果为卵形。     

Stand dynamics and tree quality response to precommercial thinning in a northern hardwood forest of the Acadian forest region: 23 years of intermediate results

In the late 1980s, large forest companies began precommercial thinning (PCT) operations in young northern hardwood cutovers in New Brunswick, Canada. To provide supporting growth and yield information, an industrial experiment was established at residual stand densities of 1300, 1600, 1900, and 2200?stems?ha^?1. Stand responses were examined for measurements recorded at 0 (1987), 5 (1992), 10 (1997), 16 (2003), and 23 (2010) years after establishment. Average diameter at breast height, quadratic mean diameter, stand basal area, and stand total volume growth increased as stem density decreased from PCT. There were significant linear differences for many of these variables between treatments and time periods (year). No significant differences were detected in tree height between treatments. In 2010, the four PCT thinning treatments did not exhibit any differences in potential sawlogs at 2.4?m (8?ft) and 3.6?m (12?ft) lengths. Significant differences were observed for 4.9?m (16?ft) sawlogs that were produced at the least dense spacing (1300?stems?ha^?1). Results from this study and recommendations from the European literature suggest that value-added timber products may be produced from more intense PCT treatments than are currently being practiced on sites dominated by yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.).     

抗体夹心BGT-ELISA方法的建立及在转基因白桦中的应用

以蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt-toxinC肽融合蛋白基因(bgt基因)的表达产物的定量分析为研究目标,采用原核表达及纯化出融合蛋白His-BGT作为抗原进行兔免疫,得到相应的抗血清,采用ELISA法检测效价在1:10000以上,并对抗血清进行了免疫亲和层析,获得了高纯度的IgG,Westernblot检测具有较好的特异性。采用过碘酸钠法将抗体标记辣根过氧化物酶(HRP),得到第二抗体即酶标抗体,标记率在85%以上。建立起检测BGT杀虫蛋白的快速、灵敏的方法。应用该检测方法,分析了不同转基因白桦(BetulaplatyphyllaSuk.)株系中BGT蛋白含量占叶片可溶性总蛋白含量的0.05%～0.3%,并利用Westernblot验证了此方法是可靠的。说明抗体夹心BGT-ELISA方法能够定量分析转基因植株中BGT蛋白的含量,为转bgt基因植物的检测和应用奠定了基础。     

兴安落叶松林分直径结构研究

通过对大兴安岭原始兴安落叶松林分直径结构进行研究,分析兴安落叶松林和白桦林木株数和蓄积按径阶分布的特点。分析结果表明:兴安落叶松林分总体上表现出较明显的原始天然异龄林特点,直径分布结构符合原始天然林的自然生长规律,总体上呈波动的倒"J"字型曲线,这可能是由于该林分中林木的生物学特性和生境共同作用的结果。该研究为科学经营提供理论依据。     

内蒙古白桦次生林改造中树种选择的探讨

为了提高国营林场森林蓄积量,对天然白桦次生林进行30多年的改造,在国家已审批可改造林地,对不同坡向选择栽植华北落叶松、油松、樟子松等针叶树,与白桦天然萌芽更新形成针阔混交林.结果表明:在阴坡、半阴坡混交林中落叶松生长最快,樟子松次之;而在阳坡、半阳坡混交林中,油松、樟子松生长旺盛.随着林龄的增长,森林蓄积量稳定增长.实践证明科学合理改造北方林区天然次生林,可达到森林经营的永续利用和可持续发展目标.     

白桦不同方向功能叶片对微环境因子的光合响应

研究了白桦(Betulaplatyphylla)不同方向功能叶片(东向和南向)以净光合速率(Pn)为主要特征的光合作用日进程响应及净光合速率对环境因子的强度响应。结果表明,白桦的净光合速率与光合有效辐射(PAR)极显著相关(P<0.01),与气温(Ta)显著相关(P<0.05),而与大气相对湿度(RH)不相关。并首次提出了植物功能叶片“微环境”的概念。     

小径木白桦锯材干燥质量的影响因素分析

通过对小径木白桦锯材进行常规干燥试验,检测了锯材干燥后的可见干燥缺陷,分析了影响小径木锯材干燥质量的因素.考察的因素包括:小径木的木材性质、加热方式、径弦材类型、锯材在干燥室中的位置及锯材的加工尺寸误差.研究结果表明,小径木材质差、变异性大是锯材在干燥过程中容易发生弯曲、变形的根本原因;加热方式是影响锯材干燥质量的重要因素;径弦材类型、锯材在干燥室中的位置及锯材的尺寸误差对锯材的干燥质量也有一定影响.根据分析的结果提出了提高小径木锯材干燥质量的措施.     

Establishment,survivorship, and growth of yellow birch seedlings after site preparation treatments in large gaps

The occurrence of yellow birch (YB) in the northeastern forests of North America is a source of concern. Several guidelines suggest ways to favor the regeneration of this species, including creating openings from small gaps to large clearcuts, coupled or not with a variety of soil preparation treatments. However, it is not clear if soil preparation treatment favors YB establishment by simply increasing the availability of good seedbed types, or by also altering competition pressure exerted by interfering species during the period of seedling establishment. For this study, large gaps (900 m²) were created in a 70-year old YB dominated forest, to which three treatments differing in soil disturbance intensities were applied (i.e., soil scarification (i) using a rake [raking]; or (ii) by dragging slash out to the edges of the gap [slash drag]; and (iii) limited to the passage of the harvesting equipment [control]). The proportion of seedbed types reportedly most favorable for YB establishment (i.e., mineral-dominated) increased as the severity of the site preparation increased. The opposite was observed for organic-dominated seedbeds. As a result, the stocking of YB seedlings increased with the severity of site preparation. However, YB stocking was deemed sufficient in all gaps to ensure future canopy dominance, even in the control treatment. Although YB seedlings generally achieved greater heights as site preparation intensity increased, it was clear that this did not reflect vigorous growth as, on average, greater heights coincided with greater seedling height–diameter ratios. At the seedbed level, height–diameter ratio was associated with an increase in surrounding competition pressure and an increase in the incidence of stem apical death (SAD), which in turn decreased height differences among seedbed types by the end of the study. At the gap level, this blurred the advantages of site preparation over a laisser-faire strategy. The incidence of SAD was greatest in the slash drag and the rake treatments. Consequently, we cannot say that intense soil scarification is worth the expenses, especially in stands where YB seed sources are abundant.     

长白山次生白桦林数量特征

对长白山1hm2次生白桦林样地的研究结果表明:样地内共有活立木2550株,分属于14科23种;从株密度、平均胸径及胸高断面积等分析看,白桦和落叶松在林分中占有绝对优势;样地内所有林木的径级分布为"S"型,白桦、落叶松和红松的径级分布近似于正态分布,水曲柳和春榆的径级分布近似于倒"J"型;从径级结构分析看,白桦和落叶松等先锋树种的小径级林木在林下分布很少,更新很差,而红松、水曲柳等寿命较长的树种在林下已经占有很大的比例,更新良好,随着演替的进展,它们将逐渐进入主林层;从主要树种的空间分布格局分析看,落叶松在样地中表现出了明显的聚集性分布格局,而白桦、水曲柳、红松和春榆没有表现出明显的聚集性分布格局.