抗氰烯菌酯假禾谷镰孢突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

为评估引起小麦茎基腐病的病原菌假禾谷镰孢Fusarium pseudograminearum对氰烯菌酯的抗性风险,对5株敏感菌株进行了室内药剂驯化,获得33株抗性突变体,突变频率为16.5%,其对氰烯菌酯的抗性水平范围为7.39～1 665.76倍,3株表现低抗,4株表现中抗,26株表现高抗;发现在myosin-5基因上存在11种抗性突变类型,其中217位的丝氨酸突变为亮氨酸(S217L)、420位的谷氨酸突变为赖氨酸(E420K)和135位的丙氨酸突变为苏氨酸(A135T)为主要突变类型,其比例分别为45.5%、15.2%和9.1%。S217L型抗性突变体的产孢量显著下降,菌丝生长速率和致病力与亲本菌株无显著差异。E420K型抗性突变体的菌丝生长速率和致病力显著下降,产孢量与亲本菌株无显著差异。A135T型抗性突变体的菌丝生长速率和产孢量与亲本菌株无显著差异。研究结果表明假禾谷镰孢在药剂选择压力下易形成氰烯菌酯的抗性群体,对氰烯菌酯存在中到高等的潜在抗性风险,其myosin-5的点突变与其对氰烯菌酯的抗性相关。     

基于最大熵模型预测小火蚁在我国的适生区

小火蚁是中国大陆新发现的重要外来入侵害虫, 目前对该虫的传入来源和在我国的适生区范围尚不明确?为明确我国小火蚁适生区范围, 有效防控该虫在我国的扩散和蔓延, 本研究通过该虫全球已有的分布数据, 采用最大熵模型对其适生区进行了预测?研究表明, 最大熵模型预测小火蚁适生区精度较高?预测结果显示, 我国小火蚁的潜在适生区主要分布于南方, 其中, 高适生区分布在台湾?海南?云南南部边境?广西西南局部?福建西南部?广东南部及其沿海地区?预测结果与该物种现有地理范围的生态条件一致?年降水量对小火蚁的适生性影响最大, 理论年降水量为2 040 mm时小火蚁分布的概率最高?随着全球气候变暖, 未来我国小火蚁的适生区有向北扩大的趋势, 但主要适生区还是以南方为主?     

Sublethal effects of nine insecticides on Drosophila suzukii and its major pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae

Background

Although the pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae is used in conservative and augmentative biocontrol of Drosophila suzukii infestations, current pest management strategies mostly rely on multiple insecticide applications. In this context, the aim of the study was to investigate the baseline toxicity of nine insecticides on D. suzukii larvae and their multiple sublethal effects (LC₁₀) on immature stages of the pest feeding on contaminated diet and T. drosophilae developing within the intoxicated host.

Results

Chlorpyriphos and azadirachtin showed the lowest and the highest LC₁₀, the values of which were 9.78 × 10¹³ and 1.46 × 10³ times lower than their recommended label field rate, respectively. Among tested insecticides, imidacloprid, malathion and dimethoate were the only treatments that did not affect the juvenile development time of D. suzukii, while spinosad and the organophosphates chlorpyriphos and dimethoate did not influence fly pupal size. No sublethal effects were recorded on T. drosophilae degree of infestation (DI) and juvenile development time. On the contrary, cyazypyr and dimethoate negatively affected the success of parasitism (SP) and the number of progeny of the pupal parasitoid, in association with malathion for the first parameter and spinosad for the fertility. Compared to the untreated control, more female progeny emerged following azadirachtin exposure, while dimethoate caused the opposite effect. Imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin and spinetoram decreased hind tibia length of emerged parasitoids.

Conclusion

This study provides new insights on the (eco)toxicological profile of nine insecticides and new information needed to support the deployment of T. drosophilae in the field within the sustainable management techniques against D. suzukii. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

The Biological Effects of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Cells

The biological effects of ELFMES including proliferation and apoptosis of cells as well as the damage of DNA are initially evaluated with the treatment of plant cells and human pulmonary fibroblasts in low frequency magnetic fields with certain intensity and different time intervals in vitro. Cell culture, counting in vitro, fluorescent dyeing analysis and single cell gel electrophoresis are adopted. The results demonstrate that the electromagnetic field with the intensity of 3mT can affect the proliferation and apoptosis of cells significantly.     

Summarization of Current Research on Application of Durability of Structures

This paper summarized the recent research results about the durability of structures, introduced their current application in durability design, appraisal, estimation of rest life and strategy of maintenance and strengthening as well as in other fields.