Pest Management in Traditional Tropical Agroecosystems: Lessons for Pest Prevention Research and Extension

Based on current agroecological theory and IPM practices, this review explores the role of traditional practices, involving site selection, soil management, timing of planting and harvesting, crop resistance, intercropping, weed management, harvest residue management, post-harvest management, natural enemies management, mechanical control, repellents and traps in the natural regulation of potential pests. In synthesis, the literature suggests that although pest management professionals focus their efforts on pest control, the preventative approach taken by traditional farmers is more effective. Potential constraints to the implementation of this preventive pest management approach include:(1) lack of integration of ecological theory and pest management, (2) lack of cooperation among social and biological scientists, and (3) lack of real efforts to work with farmers as equals and support mechanisms that protect their knowledge. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Olive processing wastes for weed control

The herbicidal effect of olive processing wastes (OPW) on some weed species in wheat, maize and sunflower was investigated in the Aegean region of Turkey. In trials with maize and sunflower, OPW was applied as an air‐dried solid form at 3 and 4.5 kg m^?2. It provided an effectiveness level on Portulaca oleracea of 63–98%. In trials with wheat, OPW was applied as solid and liquid forms, each at two different doses, namely 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2 (solid), and 5 and 10 L m^?2 (liquid). Solid OPW provided a reduction in total weed coverage of 75% and 81% at doses of 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2, respectively. The weed coverage reduction by liquid OPW was 39% and 62% with 5 and 10 L m^?2, respectively. Apart from 12–26% reduction of the number of germinating seeds, OPW showed no toxic effects on maize and sunflower. Wheat was affected in the initial stages but no adverse effect was detected at harvest. It can be concluded that the herbicidal effect of OPW may be considered as an alternative to chemical weed control in some important summer crops (maize and sunflower) and for most of the weeds in winter wheat.     

新疆柽柳幽柽木虱的生物学特性

在新疆的柽柳属植物上发现3种木虱，对其中的柽柳幽柽木虱进行了研究。该种木虱在新疆阜康地区1年发生1代，以4龄若虫在柽柳多年生枝条上越冬。越冬若虫翌年4月中旬开始取食，并使枝条顶端形成虫瘿，若虫在虫瘿内发育到5龄，至6月开始羽化，成虫平均寿命7．3d。雌成虫将卵产在花苞内，若虫在花苞内取食形成虫瘿，4龄若虫10月中旬爬出虫瘿转移到多年生枝条上越冬。发现若虫寄生蜂1种。     

遗传与环境在生物进化中的关系

本文讨论了在生物进化的过程中遗传与环境的关系及遗传物质的范围和生物可塑性的问题。遗传物质的变异是进化的内因，环境对遗传物质的变异起到诱发与筛选的作用，进化后的生物对环境又有反作用。     

纳米微粒材料生物学活性研究进展

综述了纳米微粒的生物学效应及其免疫调节、抗菌、抗肿瘤等多种生物学活性.     

金龟子绿僵菌固态培养生物变量优化研究

金龟子绿僵菌属于真菌类生物杀虫剂,本文研究了接种量、种龄、菌种代数等生物因素对金龟子绿缰菌生长及产孢量的影响,并对液—固两步发酵工艺进行了研究。经过优化,得到金龟子绿僵菌产孢的最佳生物参数是:接种量为2.5g/100g、种龄为5-6天;采用固体二代种,培养6天,孢子产量可达1.531×10~(10)孢子/g干培养基。     

薇甘菊天敌安婀珍蝶生物学特性的研究

安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday ＆ Hewitson)是薇甘菊的天敌,取食薇甘菊Mikania micrantha Kunth.的叶片,能有效的控制薇甘菊的蔓延和生长。在广州市和深圳龙岗进行的观察表明,在实验室条件下,安婀珍蝶一年生长3代~4代。世代平均历期为112.44±1.18天;卵期平均为11.44±1.18天;幼虫期平均为82.54±4.05天;蛹期平均为12.98±1.31天;成虫期平均为7.33±0.80天。本文还记述了该蝶各虫态的形态特征、生活习性及其天敌等。     

BsC3-41杀蚊幼制剂对蚊幼虫毒杀效果研究

通过以BsC3- 41杀蚊幼制剂对 3种蚊幼虫进行生物活性测定和野外灭蚊试验 ,结果表明 :该制剂对致乏库蚊CulexfatigansWiedemann的毒杀效果最好、对中华按蚊AnophelessinensisWiedemann次之、对白纹伊蚊AedesalbopictusSkuse的效果较差 ,2 4小时LC50值分别为 0 2 0 2 5 μg/ml、 2 5 363μg/ml和 5 9 730 2 μg/ml。野外水体灭蚊使用 3ml/m2 的浓度防治淡色库蚊效果可达 98 88%～ 1 0 0 0 0 % ,使用 1 0ml/m2 的浓度防治中华按蚊效果可达96 81 %～ 1 0 0 0 0 % ,使用 2 0 0ml/m2 的浓度防治白纹伊蚊效果达到 90 64%以上。     

Effect of inoculum type and timing of application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: influence on apothecial production

The effects of different inocula of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans on carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different times of year were assessed. A series of three glasshouse box bioassays was used to compare the effect of five spore-suspension inocula of C. minitans , including three different isolates (Conio, IVT1 and Contans), with a standard maizemeal–perlite inoculum. Apothecial production, as well as viability and C. minitans infection of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia buried in treated soil, were assessed. Maizemeal–perlite inoculum at 10⁷ CFU per cm³ soil reduced sclerotial germination and apothecial production in all three box bioassays, decreasing sclerotial recovery and viability in the second bioassay and increasing C. minitans infection of sclerotia in the first bioassay. Spore-suspension inocula applied at a lower concentration (10⁴ CFU per cm³ soil) were inconsistent in their effects on sclerotial germination in the three box bioassays. Temperature was an important factor influencing apothecial production. Sclerotial germination was delayed or inhibited when bioassays were made in the summer. High temperatures also inhibited infection of sclerotia by C. minitans . Coniothyrium minitans survived these high temperatures, however, and infected the sclerotia once the temperature decreased to a lower level. Inoculum level of C. minitans was an important factor in reducing apothecial production by sclerotia. The effects of temperature on both carpogenic germination of sclerotia and parasitism of sclerotia by C. minitans are discussed.