Isolation and characterization of novel soilborne lytic bacteriophages infecting Dickeya spp. biovar 3 (‘D. solani’)

Nine bacteriophages infecting Dickeya spp. biovar 3 (‘Dickeya solani’) were isolated from soil samples collected in different regions in Poland. The phages have a typical morphology of the members of the order Caudovirales, family Myoviridae, with a head diameter of c. 90–100 nm and tail length of c. 120–140 nm. In host range experiments, phage ?D5 expressed the broadest host range, infecting members of all Dickeya spp., and phage ?D7 showed the narrowest host range, infecting isolates of Dickeya dadantii and ‘D. solani’ only. None of the phages was able to infect Pectobacterium spp. isolates. All phages were prone to inactivation by pH 2, temperature of 85°C and by UV illumination for 10 min (50 mJ cm^?2). Additionally, phages ?D1, ?D10 and ?D11 were inactivated by 5 m NaCl and phage ?D2 was inactivated by chloroform. Phages ?D1, ?D5, ?D7 and ?D10 were characterized for optimal multiplicity of infection and the rate of adsorption to the bacterial cells. The latent period was 30 min for ?D1, 40 min for ?D5, 20–30 min for ?D7 and 40 min for ?D10. The estimated burst size was c. 100 plaque‐forming units per infected cell. The bacteriophages were able to completely stop the growth of ‘D. solani’ in vitro and to protect potato tuber tissue from maceration caused by the bacteria. The potential use of bacteriophages for the biocontrol of biovar 3 Dickeya spp. in potato is discussed.     

蚕桑多元化发展新方向——生物防治

蚕桑多元化发展是产业发展的方向,现主要集中于蚕桑资源综合利用,产业附加值低,产业水平亟待提高。生物防治的安全性、高技术含量和高附加值为产业的壮大提供了广阔市场前景。柞蚕卵繁育寄生蜂技术较为成熟,已经大量生产和推广。利用蚕桑副产物生产生物农药,开展生物防治,可成为蚕桑多元化发展的新方向。     

一种抗稻曲病菌的摩氏假单胞菌JP2-207及其抗性机制初探

从水稻根际表面土壤分离到一株能有效抑制稻曲病菌（Ustilaginoidea virens）生长的细菌菌株JP2-207。16s rRNA基因片段扩增及系统发育树分析表明,JP2-207属于摩氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonas mosselii）。测序分析显示,JP2-207全基因组为1个大小5 702 443 bp的环状DNA,包含5 154个蛋白编码基因,22个rRNA和78个tRNA基因。生物信息学分析预测了9个与次生代谢产物生物合成相关的基因簇,其中多个基因簇产生的代谢物被报道对植物病原菌具有抑制活性。本研究为摩氏假单胞菌JP2-207及其代谢产物防治水稻稻曲病的研究奠定了初步的理论基础。     

番茄早疫病菌拮抗细菌的筛选及其抑制作用

为了筛选对番茄早疫病菌具有生防作用的菌株,利用前期研究获得的17株促生菌,采用平板对峙法测定其对病原真菌的拮抗作用及对菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果发现,可有效拮抗番茄早疫病菌的生防菌有2株,其中,菌株FX2的抑菌活性较好,抑制率达到70.52%,菌株LHS11的抑制率为65.34%。菌株FX2和LHS11可通过次生代谢物抑制病原真菌,其中菌株LHS11的发酵液对番茄早疫病菌的抑制率达到65.40%,菌株FX2的发酵液的抑制率为47.26%。菌株FX2和LHS11能使病原菌菌丝发生不同程度扭曲变形。     

橡胶树炭疽病生防内生菌的分离鉴定及抑菌作用研究

目前化学农药的缺点日益突显,研发环保的生防菌剂是当前绿色安全的一种方法,筛选具有抑制橡胶树炭疽病的生防菌株,为研发新型生防菌剂储备资源。本文采用组织培养法分离纯化橡胶树内生菌,平板对峙筛选拮抗菌株;通过菌株培养特征、生理生化、根据16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列构建系统发育树确定其分类地位;采用平板对峙法研究内生菌株的抗菌持久性、稳定性、广谱性;采用牛津杯法研究拮抗内生菌对杀菌剂的敏感性。从橡胶树健康的根组织中分离得到4株对橡胶树炭疽病具有抑制作用的细菌（Bac RZS3D4-1、Bac RZS3D4-2、Bac RZS3D4-3、Bac RZS3D4-4）,系统发育树分析结果显示这4株细菌与解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）亲缘关系很近,且培养性状和生理生化特征也与解淀粉芽孢杆菌相似。这4株内生菌的抗菌持久性强,抗菌稳定性好;对尖孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum acutatum）DFMP1E和MLZZP3、小孢拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsis microspora）MF375898均有较强的抑菌能力,对茄类镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）XJ160901的抑制作用较弱;对多菌灵、异菌脲、百菌清、苯醚甲环唑4种杀菌剂均不敏感,有望开发为生防菌剂。     

大唼蜡甲人工大量饲养的主要影响因素及其控制

通过对从比利时引进的红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens捕食性天敌-大唼蜡甲Rhizophagus grandis Gyll.5年的室内大量饲养,对影响该天敌的产卵量、生长发育和羽化的主要生物因子和环境条件等进行了深入研究。对发现的影响其正常繁殖和生长发育的主要有害生物进行了外部形态、为害特点及控制进行了初步的研究,成虫平均羽化率从2003年的29.61%上升到了2004年的76.03%。研究表明,大唼蜡甲室内大量饲养的主要影响因子有:两种寄生螨(Proclaelapssp.和Histiostomasp.)、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、种群退化和温湿度条件。严格的卫生条件、病原生物的有效控制和种群复壮是保证大唼蜡甲群体饲养成功的关键。     

Some compatible Rhizobium leguminosarum strains in peas decrease infections when parasitised by Orobanche crenata

Orobanche crenata (crenate broomrape) produces serious damage to many legume crops and particularly becomes a limiting factor for pea production in the Mediterranean basin. Nodulation effects on pea–broomrape relationships were studied using the commercial pea cultivar Douce de Provence and different Rhizobium strains using pot and Petri dish experiments. First, the benefit of bacterial inoculation on plant growth and efficiency of N incorporation were demonstrated for two isolates, P.SOM and P.1236. These isolates did not influence parasite germination induced by the artificial stimulant, GR24. In contrast, pea root inoculation with P.SOM and P.1236 isolates led to a reduced root infection by O. crenata , resulting from a lower Orobanche germination rate close to pea roots and a limited capacity of the parasitic seedlings to develop tubercles. Broomrape necrosis was observed both before and after parasite attachment to inoculated pea roots. Concomitantly, reduction in infection was accompanied by enhanced peroxidase activity and constantly high phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in pea roots. These data suggest the involvement of these enzymes in pea resistance to crenate broomrape induced by the compatible rhizobia. Management of Orobanche via crop selection based on these enzyme systems is a viable option.     

Preparation on the basis of Trichoderma asperellum in the system of biological protection of wheat from Fusarium ear scab

During the last century, as the area of wheat grown under advanced grain husbandry has increased worldwide, so too has the importance of Fusarium ear scab (FES) (synonym, Fusarium head blight) caused by several species of the fungus Fusarium. Yield losses due to FES can total 20%-40% and more depending on climatic conditions. During the last twenty years epidemics of FES in cereals have become chronic all over the world, including the United States and Russia. The most destructive of t…     

白菜软腐病生防菌B-13最佳培养条件研究

对白菜软腐病生防菌B-13进行了最佳培养条件研究。单因子及正交试验结果表明,氮源对B-13生物活性的影响最大,其次是碳源,NaCl的影响较小;B-13发酵培养基的理想配方为:2%玉米粉+1%酵母膏+1.5%NaCl。B-13的最佳初始pH值是7.5,最适温度为35℃,最佳接种量为3%,最佳培养时间为30 h。     

苹果采后炭疽病高效拮抗菌的筛选与应用

利用低能氮离子对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)进行注入诱变,获得诱变菌株.通过平板初筛,筛选出6株对苹果炭疽病菌有较高抑菌作用的菌株,经苹果果实活体测定从中筛选出对苹果炭疽病有较高拮抗作用的菌株BS 80-6和BS100-6.其中BS80-6在室温下的防治效果较好,14 d时的防效为33.28%,BS100-6在冷藏下的效果较好,14 d时的防效为100%.不同接种方式试验表明,拮抗菌对苹果炭疽病表现出较好的保护作用.