苦豆子条带对棉田捕食性天敌发生的影响

【目的】 研究田埂边苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)条带对棉田内捕食性天敌发生及其控蚜作用的影响,为棉花生产中田埂合理保留保育天敌的功能性杂草、促进棉田天敌保育与害虫自然控制提供科学依据。【方法】 系统调查田边苦豆子条带及棉田天敌与害虫种群,罩笼评价天敌控害功能。【结果】 苦豆子与棉花上捕食性天敌种类基本相同、群落结构相似,苦豆子条带上各类主要捕食性天敌的数量均显著高于棉田。处理棉田(棉田边有苦豆子条带)中瓢虫、草蛉、蜘蛛密度分别为对照棉田(棉田边无杂草)的1.3、3.4和4.5倍,发生高峰期较对照棉田提前一周左右。6月上旬和8月,处理棉田的捕食性天敌和蚜虫之间的益害比显著高于对照棉田。处理棉田捕食性天敌对棉蚜控害指数显著高于对照棉田。【结论】 苦豆子杂草带对有益天敌具有明显保育作用,能促进棉田捕食性天敌的发生与生物控害。     

生物防治与灭鼠剂不同组合对藏北地区鼠害的控制

为探讨藏北高寒草甸地区高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的有效防治方法,在西藏安多县措玛乡草地设立了鹰架、招鹰灵与鹰架组合及D型肉毒梭菌毒素与鹰架组合的3个试验处理,同时进行藏北地区D型肉毒梭菌毒素最佳浓度的筛选及D型肉毒梭菌毒素和招鹰灵灭效对比试验.结果表明,质量分数为0.10%与0.15%的D型肉毒梭...     

褐飞虱内共生菌研究进展

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens是我国及东南亚地区水稻上的主要害虫,其体内存在的大量共生菌是褐飞虱生物防治中尚未开发的一类重要微生物资源。褐飞虱内共生菌种类丰富多样,目前研究主要集中于其初级共生真菌——类酵母共生菌（yeast-like symbiotes,YLS）和2类次级共生细菌——沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia和杀雄菌Arsenophonus。早期关于褐飞虱内共生菌的分离及种类鉴定主要采用体外离体培养、克隆文库构建以及PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳等传统技术。近年来,宏基因组和高通量测序技术的应用极大拓展了褐飞虱内共生菌种类多样性研究的深度。内共生菌不仅参与褐飞虱的营养代谢,为宿主提供氨基酸、维生素和甾醇等必需营养物质以满足宿主正常的生长发育和繁殖,同时还可以介导宿主的致害性变异、抗药性产生和病原物防御等生理过程。鉴于内共生菌在褐飞虱生长发育及环境适应过程中的重要作用,利用内共生菌对褐飞虱进行生物防控已成为目前研究的一大热点,并展现出良好的应用前景。该文对褐飞虱内共生菌的主要种类及其生物学特性进行介绍,对其分离鉴定技术和多样性分析技术进行总结,并对褐飞虱内共生菌的生物学功能进...     

巨大芽胞杆菌YB-3的筛选、鉴定及其对生姜青枯病的生防效果研究

青枯病（bacterial wilt）是生姜上的一种细菌土传毁灭性病害,化学防治易污染环境且常规化学药剂很难在土壤中起到持续控病的作用,生物防治是其理想的防治方法。为开发对生姜青枯病有效的生防措施,对从生姜根际土壤中分离的一株生防细菌YB-3进行了鉴定,并对其生物学特性及生防效果进行了研究,以丰富生防菌株资源库。采用抑菌圈法筛选拮抗细菌,对效果最好的拮抗菌株做盆栽试验,测定其对生姜青枯病的防治效果,根据形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列对筛选得到的优良菌株进行鉴定。试验结果表明,该拮抗菌在平皿上对青枯菌的抑菌率为50.67%,盆栽试验对青枯病的防治效果为60.86%;经16S rDNA序列分析,并结合形态学和生理生化特征,将菌株YB-3鉴定为巨大芽胞杆菌Bacillus megaterium。YB-3是一株具有开发利用价值的姜青枯病生防菌株。     

The role ofPseudomonas spp. and competition for carbon,nitrogen and iron in the enhancement of appressorium formation byColletotrichum coccodes on velvetleaf

Colletotrichum coccodes is currently being investigated as a mycoherbicide against the weed velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Two isolates ofPseudomonas spp. (Ps2 and Ps5) reduced the percentage of germ tubes and increased appressorial formation ofC. coccodes on detached leaves of velvetleaf. A study was conducted to see whether this effect could be attributed to competition for nutrients or iron betweenC. coccodes andPseudomonas spp. Ps2 and Ps5 had no effect on early spore germination, but reduced the percentage of germ tubes at 24 and 30 h, compared to the nontreated control. This reduction was diminished by the addition of nutrients but not Fe³⁺. Ps2 and Ps5 stimulated the formation of dark-coloured appressoria without germ tubes (AWGT), but this stimulation was diminished by the addition of nutrients or Fe³⁺. Germ tube branching at 30 h was also inhibited by the bacteria, but was not diminished by the addition of nutrients or iron. EDTA stimulated conidial germination at 10 h, which was reduced by the addition of Fe³⁺. However, EDTA did not stimulate the formation of appressoria (AWGT). These results suggest that the reduction in the percentage of germ tubes and the increase in the percentage of appressoria induced by the bacteria may be due to the competition for carbon or nitrogen. Iron competition may also be involved in the stimulation of appressorial formation, but not in the reduction in germ tube percentage and branching. Phylloplane bacteria may compete for carbon, nitrogen and iron, limiting the saprophytic phase of the pathogen on the phylloplane and accelerating the development of the parasitic phase. This may enhance the field efficacy ofC. coccodes as a biocontrol agent against velvetleaf.     

Lipid metabolism in tomato and bean as a sensitive monitor for biocontrol of wilt diseases

The lipids metabolism of tomato and bean plants during biological control of wilt pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici andF. oxysporum f.sp.phaseoli, respectively) byBacillus subtilis was investigated. The interaction of wilt pathogens with both tomato and bean caused an imbalance and drastic reduction in total lipids, triacylglycerol, sterol and all phospholipd fractions except phosphatidic acid. The application of a formulated biocontrol agent,B. subtilis, eliminated the detrimental effect of both wilt pathogens and consequently prevented catabolism of lipid fractions in both tomato and bean. Moreover, the changes in the lipid fractions as a sensitive monitor for biocontrol of wilt diseases suggest a positive correlation between the application ofB. subtilis and improvement in the host metabolism towards anabolism. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 20, 2006.     

Isolation,production and in vitro effects of the major secondary metabolite produced by Trichoderma species used for the control of grapevine trunk diseases

Antibiosis has been shown to be an important mode of action by Trichoderma species used in the protection of grapevine pruning wounds from infection by trunk pathogens. The major active compound from Trichoderma isolates known to protect grapevine pruning wounds from trunk pathogen infection was isolated and identified. The compound, a 6‐pentyl‐α‐pyrone (6PP), was found to be the major secondary metabolite, by quantity, which accumulated in the culture filtrate of T. harzianum isolate T77 and the two T. atroviride isolates UST1 and UST2. Benzimidazole resistant mutants generated from these isolates also produced 6PP as their main secondary metabolite, except for a mutant of T77 that had lost its ability to produce 6PP. The isolates UST1 and UST2 were co‐cultured with the grapevine trunk pathogens Eutypa lata and Neofusicoccum parvum in a minimal defined medium and a grapevine cane‐based medium (GCBM). Co‐culturing UST1 with N. parvum induced 6PP production in the minimal defined medium and the GCBM. The production of 6PP by UST2 was induced in the GCBM, while co‐culturing with the two trunk pathogens either reduced or had no effect on 6PP production. Mycelial growth and ascospore/conidia germination of E. lata, N. australe, N. parvum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were inhibited by 6PP in a concentration‐dependent manner. The results show that the presence of N. parvum and grapevine wood elicits the production of 6PP, suggesting that this metabolite is involved in Trichoderma–pathogen interactions on grapevine pruning wounds.     

灰葡萄孢拮抗细菌的筛选

采集扬州、淮阴两地１６种常见植物根部土壤、根和叶片样本１８２份,分离纯化后得到细菌６３２株,抑菌圈法测定对灰葡萄孢有拮抗性的５８株,拮抗性稳定的１３株。其中拮抗性最强的Ｙ２－１１－１菌株为芽孢杆菌,抑菌圈直径达２９．７ｍｍ。接种试验表明,Ｙ２－１１－１以番茄叶片和果实灰霉病的防效分别达６８．７％和７５．０％。部分菌株对其他重要植物病原真菌也有一定的拮抗作用。     

营养添加剂对枯草芽孢杆菌G3 str在土壤中繁殖及其抑菌物质分泌能力的影响

从生防菌G3菌株筛选到的抗链霉素自然突变株G3^str,保持G3原有的抑菌活性,产伊枯草菌素和生物表面活性素,能抑制多种植物病原真菌.25℃下,营养添加剂对G3^str菌在不灭菌土壤中前5d有一定的增殖作用;10d后G3^str菌在土壤中主要以芽孢的形态存活;60d后,G3^str菌在土壤中仍以106cfu/g水平存活.G3^str菌在土壤中增殖时分泌少量的伊枯草菌素,但被快速分解;同时分泌较多的生物表面活性素,营养添加剂的加入明显促进其分泌.