环境因子对步甲昆虫的影响研究进展

步甲是鞘翅目昆虫的重要类群之一,是农林业生产中的重要害虫天敌。步甲与环境关系密切,环境因子(如湿度、温度、海拔、土壤性质、植被、食物条件)及环境因子的综合作用(如演替阶段、干扰等)都对步甲的生命活动及群落分布产生重要影响。对近年来国内外关于环境因子对步甲的影响相关研究进行综述,并在此基础上提出进一步研究环境因子对步甲生命活动及群落分布的影响是十分重要的。     

湖南省茶园捕食性瓢虫种类调查

报道湖南茶园捕食性瓢虫27种,分属6亚科。其中梵文菌瓢虫Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant,十二斑瓢虫OenoPia bissexnotata(Mulsant),链纹裸瓢虫Calvia sicardi (Mader),台毛艳瓢虫Pharoscymnus taoi Sasaji,隐唇瓢虫Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant。黑方突毛瓢虫Pseudoseymnus kurohime(Miyatake),臀斑隐势瓢虫,Cryptogonus postmedlali s Kapur,台湾隐势瓢虫Cryptogonus horishanus (Ohta)等8种是初次在茶园中采得。文中描述了这8种瓢虫的形态特征。简单的习性和地理分布,并列出了它们的照片。     

The development and survival of three species of coprophagous insect after feeding on the faeces of sheep treated with controlled-release formulations of ivermectin or albendazole

OBJECTIVE: To assess the toxicity from residues of controlled-release formulations of ivermectin and albendazole to insects that feed on sheep faeces. ANIMALS: In two consecutive years, groups of sheep were treated with controlled-release capsules of ivermectin or albendazole. Untreated sheep were used as controls. PROCEDURES: Larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima, and adults and larvae of the dung beetles, Onthophagus taurus and Euoniticellus fulvus were fed on faeces collected at intervals after drug treatment. In assays using beetles, treatment effects were assessed by comparing numbers of eggs laid, survival of juveniles and survival of mature and immature adults. Survival at time of pupariation was used in assays on flies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Faeces from sheep treated with albendazole had no detectable effects on breeding by either flies or beetles. In contrast, faeces voided by sheep treated with controlled-release capsules of ivermectin (CRI) precluded successful breeding by each of the species tested. No fly larvae and almost no beetle larvae survived in faeces collected up to 39 days after capsule administration. Newly-emerged O taurus also suffered significant mortality whereas those that survived underwent delayed sexual maturation. Ivermectin residues had no effect on the survival of sexually mature beetles, but reduced the fecundity of O taurus. A model simulating the effects of drug residues on dung beetle populations indicates that CRIs have the potential to cause substantial declines in beetle numbers, particularly if treatment coincides with spring emergence.     

Respective roles of recent hedges and forest patch remnants in the maintenance of ground-beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) diversity in an agricultural landscape

We compared three kinds of habitats: small remnants of native forests, recent hedges and barley crops, in order to investigate their respective roles in the maintenance of carabid-beetle diversity in a 950-ha area of an intensive agricultural landscape. Carabid faunas in remnants differed weakly from these found in hedges and crops. In particular, small remnants had few typical forest carabid species and a large number of open-area or ubiquitous species. Different approaches in the measurement of and -diversity (classical indices, and additive partitioning of Simpson's index) showed similar results: hedges supported a high -diversity but habitat types were quite similar overall, with weak differences between open and closed or disturbed and undisturbed habitats.A comparison of species dispersal powers in the various habitat types showed that species with a low dispersal power were rare in all habitats. However, wing development measured on two dimorphic species revealed, surprisingly, that brachypterous individuals were mainly present in hedges, which were expected a priori to be more disturbed, than remnants hence less suitable for the establishment of populations with a low dispersal power.These results suggest that small remnants do not behave as 'climax' habitats in this intensive agricultural landscape, probably because of their small size and strong isolation. We discuss the interest of new undisturbed habitats, such as recent hedges, for the maintenance of carabid diversity at both the local and landscape scale.     

关于小蠹虫的防治策略及研究发展方向

小蠹虫是世界性大害虫 ,特别是对松树危害极大 ,猖獗时常可造成林木成片枯死。其生活隐蔽 ,繁殖迅速 ,在造成林木枯萎前不易被人们发现。但衰弱木及某些种类的性外激素对其有很强的吸引力 ,诱集效果显著 ,可作为重要的监测手段。该虫主要发生在立地条件差、林地卫生条件不好或由其它各种原因导致树木生长衰弱的林分。因此 ,其预防措施主要是选用良种壮苗 ,进行适地适树营造混交林 ;加强监测 ,及时消灭虫源基地。其防治策略及研究发展方向应向以生态管理为基础 ,以生物防治为主导的综合治理方向发展 ,方能达到可持续控制小蠹虫对林木的危害     

我国化学防治甘蔗金龟子研究进展

综述了我国化学防治甘蔗金龟子的发展历程、化学防治甘蔗金龟子的技术和调查方法以及化学防治对甘蔗金龟子的负面影响。提出规范农药市场管理,严厉禁止禁用农药的生产和流通;合理使用化学农药,避免金龟子抗药性继续增强;加强对新型高效、低毒、低残留化学农药的研究和开发;加强生物防治研究和推广力度,使甘蔗金龟子防治向生态治理方向发展等建议。     

Vegetation,water beetles and habitat isolation in abandoned lowland bog drains and peat pits

• 1. Multivariate analysis of vegetation and water beetles recorded in the abandoned drains and flooded workings of a cut‐over lowland Irish raised bog, Montiaghs Moss, shows that water depth and trophic status are key predictors of plant species composition and that vegetation community structure significantly explains water beetle composition.
• 2. The spatial distribution of secondary and tertiary drains and peat pits influences species composition indirectly, through trophic status, by connecting habitats with primary agricultural drains passing through the bog.
• 3. Habitat isolation and the cessation of drain management promote change in the submerged aquatic vegetation, emergent‐swamp and poor‐fen habitats recorded by facilitating vegetation development and surface acidification.
• 4. The ecological consequences are likely to be a reduction in the area of open‐water habitats, the development of poor‐fen vegetation and the subsequent loss of high conservation value species of plants and beetles.
• 5. Management for biodiversity conservation should initially address water quality, for example, through the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive, followed by restoration to promote structural and spatial heterogeneity of drain and peat‐pit habitats.
• 6. At a landscape scale, implementing ditch and peat‐pit management across abandoned cut‐over lowland raised bog habitats in the farmed Northern Ireland countryside, through EU Common Agricultural Policy agri‐environment schemes, would give regional gains.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Retention of aspen (Populus tremulae) at final cuttings - The effect of dead wood characteristics on saproxylic beetles

To preserve biodiversity in managed forest landscapes dead and living trees are retained at final cuttings. In the present study we evaluated the effect of these practices for saproxylic (wood-dependent) beetles inhabiting dead aspen trees (Populus tremulae). For saproxylic beetles, tree retention at final cuttings can be expected to be especially valuable for species adapted to sun-exposed dead wood, a substrate that only rarely occurs in well managed forest stands. Therefore, the current evaluation was conducted as a comparison of species richness, species density (number of species per sample), assemblage composition and occurrence of individual species between clear-cuts, where aspen trees were retained, and closed forest stands with aspen trees. The study was conducted in central Sweden and the beetles were sampled by sieving of bark from CWD (coarse woody debris) of aspen. There was no significant difference in rarefied species richness between forest and clear-cut sites. Species composition differed significantly between the two stand types. Generalized linear mixed-effects models predicted the species density to be 34% lower in CWD objects in forest sites than on clear-cuts. This pattern could partly be explained by differences in CWD diameter, decay class and bark types between the two stand types (clear-cut/forest). Stand type was a significant predictor of occurrence in individual CWD objects for 30% of analysed individual beetle species. For all species except one, the variable stand type predicted higher occurrence on clear-cuts than in forest stands. To conclude, our results demonstrate that retention of aspen on clear-cuts contributes to population recruitment of a different assemblage of species than CWD within stands.     

花天牛的形态分类学研究

阐述了花天牛亚科昆虫分类鉴定的主要方法，对花天牛头、胸、腹各体段的分类特征及雄性外生殖器的循征作了详细介绍。     

The shoot-feeding ecology of three Tomicus species in Yunnan Province,southwestern China

Three Tomicus pine shoot beetles, T. yunnanensis (Kirkendall and Faccoli) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), T. minor (Hartig), and T. brevipilosus (Wood and Bright), have been causing serious damage to Yunnan pine ( Pinus yunnanensis (Franchet) (Pinales: Pinaceae)) stands in Yunnan, southwestern China. However, their ability to coexist in the crowns of the same trees during the shoot-feeding phase has not been elucidated. In our study, we investigated and compared the shoot-feeding ecology of the three species of pine shoot beetle in P. yunnanensis in Anning County, Yunnan Province. Shoot-feeding by T. yunnanensis, T. minor, and T. brevipilosus initiated in April, May, and June, and ended in February, April, and May, respectively. Individual T. yunnanensis and T. minor adults fed in shoots for about seven months, and T. brevipilosus for nine months, before initiating reproduction. All three Tomicus species fed in the current-year shoots close to the apical bud. No specific overwintering behavior was observed prior to reproduction. The entrance hole of T. yunnanensis was furthest away from the apical bud, and T. minor was the closest to the apical bud. Differences in the spatial distribution of these shoot-feeding sites might reduce competition among the three beetle species. The long-lasting and overlapping shoot-feeding by the three Tomicus species may reduce the resistance of P. yunnanensis and facilitate the reproduction of these beetles in the trunks of living trees, and thus help explain the severe damage by Tomicus in P. yunnanensis.