户用太阳能恒温沼气生产系统全年产气性能试验

为满足北方农户全年生活燃气需求和研究户用恒温沼气池的产气特性,研发了发酵容积为3 m3的地上式太阳能恒温沼气生产系统。从沼气池的产气稳定性,不同发酵温度、不同发酵原料下的产气性能,全年产气特性4个方面对该系统做了试验研究。在兰州地区气象条件下,厌氧发酵试验结果发现:该太阳能恒温产气系统可全年稳定连续运行,全年累计产气398.52 m3;当最低环境温度分别高于-19.9、0.7和6.9℃时,系统可以实现26、28和37℃恒温厌氧发酵;当猪粪与农户常见的玉米秸秆、蒿草、莲花菜叶按一定比例混合发酵后,可显著提高沼气中甲烷体积分数并延长或缩短发酵周期。     

不同砧木嫁接对西瓜抗病性及主要经济性状的影响

将引进的日本强势葫芦、勇士野生西瓜等7个西瓜嫁接砧木分别与本地主栽的西瓜品种早佳84-24进行嫁接试验。通过对嫁接亲和力,嫁接苗的抗枯萎病能力、产量和品质等主要性状的考查分析,结果表明以日本强势葫芦作砧木的嫁接苗综合性状表现最佳。     

Scale stocking checks to differentiate between hatchery-reared and wild mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus

Abstract  Scales from hatchery-reared, stocked and wild mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus (Temminck and Schlegel) captured in the Georges River, and a library of mulloway scales from coastal New South Wales, were examined for the presence of scale checks. Checks specific for hatchery-reared fish were present in 100% of recaptured hatchery-reared mulloway; the origin of which was confirmed by the presence of a chemical mark in the otolith or fin spine. Up to 7% of wild mulloway were incorrectly classified as hatchery-reared on the basis of these checks. An abrupt reduction in salinity from 35 to 5 and 6 days starvation successfully induced checks in the scales of hatchery-reared mulloway. The marking efficiency for stocking checks was comparable to that obtained using oxytetracycline hydrochloride, and supports the short-term use of scale stocking checks to evaluate mulloway stock enhancement programmes in Australia.     

Inter-river, -annual and -seasonal variability in fecundity of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in rivers in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Abstract  Fecundity is an integral component of the calculation of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., egg depositions in rivers. Fecundity determinations can be time consuming and prohibitively expensive in terms of application on a broad scale. Consequently, where river specific and annual data are not available, default means are used in calculations in Newfoundland and Labrador. It is important therefore to know the extent of variability among rivers, years and seasons and the potential error involved in using default values. Annual fecundity data were available for one river in Labrador and nine rivers in Newfoundland. Fecundity was determined from ovaries collected in the recreational fishery in the summer for all 10 rivers. For three of these rivers, fecundity determined from summer sampling was compared with that obtained from sampling at time of spawning in autumn. There was significant variability in fecundity with length as a covariate among rivers, years and seasons. Mean number of eggs per female decreased between 8.3% and 29.0% from summer to autumn while mean number of eggs per cm decreased from 5.0% to 28.5%. Depending on the measure of relative fecundity used (no. of eggs kg⁻¹ or no. of eggs cm⁻¹), results of simulations showed that estimates of egg deposition incorporating defaults can deviate from those obtained by applying year-specific and river-specific values by 50–75%, without adjusting for the seasonal reduction in fecundity, and by 30–50% with an adjustment. A sensitivity analysis revealed that of three parameters used in the calculation of egg deposition (size, percent female and fecundity), fecundity was the most influential.     

高海拔地区农牧民收入调查报告

为了解高海拔农牧民收入状况,2009—2014 年通过实地走访,对西藏自治区拉萨市当雄县郭庆村179 户牧民进行跟踪调查,调查内容包括当雄县郭庆村牧民牲畜养殖情况、家庭劳动力人数及人均年收入等。结果表明,整体上牧民收入和牲畜存栏量在不断增加,但从人均可支配收入的分布可知中低收入群体占比较重。根据这些收入现状问题,提出促进草原畜牧业的提质增效以及增加低收入人群的劳动就业率等建议。     

苹果矮化砧木致矮机理研究进展

矮化密植栽培是现代苹果生产发展的方向,苹果矮化砧是实现苹果矮化密植栽培的主要途径,其致矮机理尚不清楚。揭示苹果矮化砧致矮机理,对加快苹果矮砧育种进程和改进苹果矮砧栽培技术有重要的意义。在总结前人对致矮基因、解剖结构、水分、物质运输、光合特性、酶与酚类物质、激素等7个方面研究进展的基础上,对致矮部位及致矮机理进行了探讨,提出苹果砧木致矮是矮化砧嫁接口、砧段的木质部及韧皮部综合作用的结果,嫁接的矮砧砧段是致矮的主要部位,苹果矮砧可能通过影响根系发育起到致矮作用,并指出今后应利用更为先进的显微仪器和测量软件对苹果矮砧和乔砧砧段解剖结构进行更微观精确地比较;在严格控制环境的条件下,尽量采取一致的试材,分析不同矮化性砧木在水分、矿质营养、同化物等物质代谢过程中的生理生化变化;借助分子生物学技术对植物激素物质合成、信号转导、降解及其互作在致矮中所起的作用进行更深入系统地研究,通过多方面研究对提出的问题进行研究验证,以求对苹果矮砧致矮机理解释更加透彻。     

Soil organic carbon fractions and humic substances are affected by land uses of Caatinga forest in Brazil

Caatinga is a Brazilian dry ecosystem that occupies around 1 million km² and is one of the largest tropical dry forests of the world. About 46% of the area that was originally covered has been deforested. Land use can cause pronounced reduction in soil carbon stocks that play a major role in the global carbon cycle. The objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the effect of land use on oxidizable carbon fractions, total carbon stocks and humic substances in different layers of soil in a Brazilian semi-arid region. We analyzed soils from tropical dry forest (TDF), forest succession with Anadenanthera falcata (ANA), with Tabebuia alba (TAB), secondary scrubby regeneration (SCR), and non-irrigated maize (MS). Forests showed larger fractions of more labile carbon, except for TDF. The most recalcitrant fraction of carbon stock, humin fraction stock, with the different land use decreased by 38–53% compared to TDF. Oxidizable carbon fractions, carbon stocks, and humic fraction stocks were able to differentiate the successional land uses and agricultural cover from TDF, mainly in the 0–5?cm layer. Our results show that changes in land use, especially with ANA forest succession, showed a larger labile carbon fraction, indicating easy decomposition and loss. Our results provide an alternative tool for the management of deforested areas in tropical dry caatinga ecosystems. This would contribute to the conservation of dry forest systems and could serve as guideline for sustainable management of agriculturally impacted caatinga areas.     

测定中国真实失业率的一种尝试——基于股指的实证分析

文章针对这一问题,基于股票市场走势与宏观经济运行态势在长期上呈正相关这一基本经济理论,建立起失业率与股指之间的回归模型,选取1991年至2008年底的不同国家的失业率和股指数据,估计出失业率与股指之间的线性关系,将该模型用于中国历年实际失业率的估计,得到了一列修正后的中国失业率。     

基于辅助信息的森林蓄积量空间模拟

以北京市密云县一类清查的样地蓄积量为研究对象,结合与蓄积量相关的辅助因子,采用普通克里格法、协同克里格法对森林蓄积量进行空间插值估测,并与文献[25]同一研究区的基于偏最小二乘法回归法估测结果进行比较分析。结果表明,普通克里格法、基于辅助信息的协同克里格法、偏最小二乘回归法的蓄积量估测值与实测值间的相关系数分别为0.389、0.845、0.766;基于辅助信息的协同克里格法要优于普通克里格法和偏最小二乘回归法,能够明显提高预测精度;与普通克里格法相比,所产生的均方根误差减小了71%,预测值和实测值的相关系数提高了54%。最后生成了密云县森林蓄积量空间分布图。研究表明应用地统计学方法进行蓄积量估测具有很好的应用前景,可以为森林蓄积量的估测提供一种可行的方法。     

盐胁迫对野生樱桃幼苗生长的影响及其耐盐性分析

为了扩大樱桃的栽培区域、在沿海大城市周边轻度盐碱地上栽培,试验以野生樱桃砧木实生苗四川樱桃、黑山樱、大青叶为试验材料,通过不同浓度的盐胁迫处理（0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6% NaCl）和植株的各项生长指标测定（株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶面积）,比较了野生樱桃的耐盐性。结果显示：在盐胁迫下,大青叶樱桃相对株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶面积的平均值均最大,黑山樱除相对茎粗平均值外,其余3项生长指标均高于四川樱桃。隶属函数综合分析显示,3种野生樱桃幼苗生长期的耐盐性为：大青叶>黑山樱 >四川樱桃。