国外纤维亚麻品种的比较与评价

采用随机区组对从国外引进的纤维亚麻品种进行了比较试验。结果表明:各参试品种的生育期与对照品种相当;TX-3、TX-13、SU和TX-14的原茎产量、种子产量和出麻率优于对照品种FANY,其它参试品种的原茎产量低于对照品种,但出麻率均优于对照品种;TX-3、SU和MARYLIN对枯萎病达中度抗病水平;比较各参试品种的综合表现,TX-3和SU两品种生育期适中、产量和出麻率高、抗病性好,可推广应用。     

木塑复合材料的耐老化性能研究

木塑复合材料的老化性能直接关系其使用寿命和适用范围。该研究使用稻壳、橡胶木锯末和橡胶籽壳分别与回收聚乙烯混合制备木塑复合材料,通过色差分析、红外光谱分析研究了3种木塑复合材料经荧光紫外老化后表面颜色、化学成分的变化。结果表明,经2 000 h老化后,3种木塑复合材料表面均出现褪色、羰基浓度增大,并随着老化时间增加而增加。其中橡胶籽壳基WPCs的变化最大,稻壳次之,橡胶锯末最小。     

空化射流条件下豆渣不溶性膳食纤维结构与功能性研究

为有效促进豆渣中不溶性膳食纤维的可溶化、提高其功能特性,利用空化微射流技术处理生物酶法制油豆渣膳食纤维,采用X-射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜方法分析不同空化微射流处理时间(0、6、12、18 min)下豆渣膳食纤维的晶体结构及表观形态变化,并通过粒度、持水性、膨胀性、表观粘度、葡萄糖和胆固醇吸附能力对其理化、功能性质进行表征,明确空化射流对其结构、功能及吸附特性的影响。结果显示:经空化射流处理18 min后,样品结构产生粒径减小、结晶度下降、粘度降低等变化;处理12 min时膨胀力、持水力分别达到最大值(13.92±0.78) m L/g、(2.83±0.13) g/g,此时对葡萄糖和胆固醇的吸附能力最佳。研究表明,空化射流可有效促进生物酶法制油豆渣不溶性膳食纤维的可溶化,并显著改善其结构及理化性质。     

棉纤维生物炭对稻田土壤及水稻Cd含量的影响

为生物炭应用于农田Cd污染的控制及治理提供相关科学依据,研究通过根箱试验,研究棉纤维生物炭对水稻根际和非根际土壤可交换态和不可交换态Cd含量及水稻植株中Cd分配的影响。研究表明:随着棉纤维生物炭的施用量增加,根际和非根际土壤可交换态Cd含量都呈下降趋势,同时不可交换态Cd含量都呈上升趋势。随着棉纤维生物炭的施用量增加,非根际土壤pH值呈逐渐上升趋势。非根际土壤pH值与可交换态Cd含量之间存在显著负相关关系,与不可交换态Cd含量之间存在显著正相关关系。可见,施用棉纤维生物炭可在一定程度上提高非根际土壤pH值,进一步降低了非根际土壤可交换态Cd含量;而根际土壤可交换态Cd含量的下降,主要受棉纤维生物炭的理化性质影响,受土壤pH值影响不大。随着棉纤维生物炭的施用量的增加,水稻各部位Cd含量及累积量都呈现下降趋势,其中籽粒Cd含量的下降幅度最大,为36.57%,根的Cd含量的下降幅度最小,为12.56%。由于茎鞘的生物量和Cd含量都较大,茎鞘中Cd累积量最高,平均为25.44μg plant^-1,是籽粒的2.85倍。因此,在进行农田土壤Cd修复的同时,除了要关注农产品Cd污染,还要考虑如何妥善处理大量的富集Cd的农业废弃物,避免产生二次污染风险。     

植物纤维毯道路边坡防护技术综合效益评价

为系统评价植物纤维毯水土保持作用对不同雨强的响应以及改良土壤的作用,开展了人工模拟降雨试验和野外小区监测,在模拟降雨试验中,设计4个雨强,测试3种植物纤维毯,降雨历时均为60min。在降雨过程中以5min为间隔收集径流泥沙,并测定径流量和侵蚀泥沙量。在野外小区监测中,通过2007,2010,2013年施工的稻草毯小区,以及2014年施工的椰丝毯、椰丝稻草混合毯和稻草毯小区,评价土壤理化性质对植物纤维毯铺设年限和类型的响应差异。结果表明:在47mm/h及以上雨强下,椰丝毯、椰丝稻草混合毯和稻草毯均能有效减少侵蚀和产流,平均减蚀效益分别为94.92%,86.06%,83.42%,平均减流效益分别为31.59%,45.02%,52.44%,减蚀效益显著优于减流效益。3种植物纤维毯均在47mm/h雨强下减蚀效益和减流效益达到最高,其中最高减蚀效益为椰丝毯(97.54%),最高减流效益为椰丝稻草混合毯(88.26%)。随着雨强增大,减蚀效益和减流效益均不同程度降低,且减流效益降低更快。随着植物纤维毯铺设年限延长,土壤理化性质逐渐改善;铺设1年后,椰丝稻草混合毯改土效果最佳。     

横向喂入式苎麻剥麻机的设计与试验

为解决苎麻纤维剥制劳动强度大、工效低等问题,该文研制了一种大型苎麻剥麻机。采用横向喂入、连续分段加工剥麻原理,设计出样机并进行了剥麻试验和麻样质量检测。试验结果表明,该机剥麻工效为131 kg/h,鲜茎出麻率4.15%,达到样机设计指标要求。剥麻样品检测结果表明,苎麻含杂麻1.09%,苎麻含胶率23.28%,苎麻束纤维断裂强度为4.59 CN/dtex,均满足国家标准要求。研究结果可为大型苎麻剥制机械的设计提供参考。     

Effect of nutrient solution salinity and ionic concentration on parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) essential oil yield and content

The growth and essential oil (EO) production of parsley were evaluated in response to salinity and nutrient solution concentrations in a soilless culture. Parsley plants that were 60 days old were potted in a coconut fiber and peat moss medium and were treated with four different nutrient solutions, including T1, T2, T3 and T4. The T1 nutrient solution was the standard, the T2 and T3 solutions contained incremental macronutrient concentrations with an electrical conductivity (EC) of up to 2.2 and 3.2 dS m^?1, respectively, and the T4 solution was the same as T2 but with sodium chloride (NaCl) and an incremental macronutrient concentration with an EC of 3.2 dS m^?1. Next, these plants were grown for 90 days in a greenhouse with natural daylight in Nador, Morocco. Shoot and root growth significant decreased with increasing EC. However, the salinity that resulted from the addition of NaCl did not affect plant growth in the nutrient solutions. The optimum obtained growth and EO production were 1.2 and 2.2 dS m^?1, respectively. Consequently, the optimum EC value (based on the EO production) of parsley in the soilless culture was 1.2–2.2 dS m^?1.     

Interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia: Effects on flax yield in spoil‐bank clay

This study focused on the application of native strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Sinorhizobium in effective crop production during reclamation of coal‐mine spoil banks. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in spoil‐bank clay with a low dose of organic amendment to determine whether the microbial inoculation improves growth and utility qualities of two cultivars of Linum usitatissimum L. (oil and fiber flax). Inoculation with two native AMF isolates (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, and their mixture) significantly increased growth and shoot phosphorus (P) concentration of both flax cultivars. Inoculated fiber flax plants produced fivefold more fibers than the uninoculated ones. In oil flax, mycorrhizal inoculation significantly but quantitatively to a minor degree decreased the concentration of nonsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil. A mixture of five native Sinorhizobium sp. strains supported growth and P uptake of oil flax only in the absence of AMF. However, these beneficial effects of the bacteria were significantly lower as compared to AMF. No synergic action of Sinorhizobium strains and AMF was observed, and their interactions were often even antagonistic. Inoculation with AMF significantly decreased population density of Sinorhizobium in the soil. These results suggest that a careful selection of suitable bacterial strains is necessary to provide effective AMF combinations and maximize flax‐growth support.     

麦秸与木屑热解制备磁性生物炭基材料理化性质研究

分别以小麦秸秆和杨树木屑为原料,经浸渍-化学沉淀-高温热解制备磁性生物炭基复合材料,考察负载铁处理在不同原料类型、热解温度下对材料理化特性的影响。结果表明:复合材料中铁主要以Fe3O4的形式存在,材料外层含量较内层高。负载铁处理加速了生物质热解脱氢和脱氧进程,对生物炭理化特性的影响效应随温度升高而加剧。在300~600℃的热解温度下,负载铁处理小麦秸秆和木屑热解炭的灰分质量分数均增加,增加范围分别为28.8~34.4个百分点,39.1~47.6个百分点,而固定碳含量、热值均降低;比表面积、总孔容均增大,增大范围分别为:10.67~72.24 m2/g、0.039 8~0.093 1 cm3/g,15.43~105.14 m2/g、0.010 4~0.078 9 cm3/g,而平均孔径减小。负载铁处理对两种生物质挥发分含量和pH值的影响不同,表现为:负载铁秸秆生物炭的挥发分质量分数增加5.2~13.2个百分点,pH值降低0.04~1.49,而负载铁木屑生物炭的挥发分质量分数在300℃降低17.4个百分点,在400~600℃增加8.5~22.2个百分点,pH值则升高0.33~1.93。     

草本纤维生物提取菌株分泌的关键酶研究

为研究草本纤维生物提取菌株分泌的关键酶种类和特性,采用经典的DNS法对草本纤维生物提取菌株分泌的果胶酶、甘露聚糖酶和木聚糖酶进行系统分析。结果表明,6 个草本纤维非纤维素降解菌株均能同步产果胶酶、甘露聚糖酶和木聚糖酶;在培养的第9~11 h,菌株CBXW-3 分泌的果胶酶活力最高达123 IU/mL,其次为菌株CBXW-1 的果胶酶活力105 IU/mL;菌株CBXW-4 的甘露聚糖酶活力最高达214.2 IU/mL,其次为菌株CBXW-1 的甘露聚糖酶活力162.1 IU/mL;菌株CBXW-4 的木聚糖酶活力最高为111.4 IU/mL,其次为菌株CBXW-6 的木聚糖酶活力87.6 IU/mL。由此得出,6 个目标菌株分泌的草本纤维非纤维素降解酶系种类丰富,酶活力高,可为阐明草本纤维生物提取机理和开发微生物资源的应用价值提供科学依据。