超声波用于强化有机溶剂提取印楝素

研究了用超声波强化有机溶剂提取印楝素的工艺过程，分别考察溶剂、料液比、超声波作用时间、超声波功率对提取率的影响实验发现，较理想的提取条件为：13．3g印楝种仁粉，料液比1：2，超声波功率200W；超声波作用时间与溶剂有关。甲醇15min、乙醇20min、乙酸乙酯10min；3种溶剂较佳提取率分别为0．3786％、0．3658％、0．2462％提取样晶利用高效液相色谱仪采用外标法测定提取物中印楝素的含量。实验结果表明，超声波强化提取与搅拌提取相比，不仅缩短了提取时间，而且提取率有所提高。     

Stability of the natural insecticide azadirachtin in aqueous and organic solvents

The natural insecticide azadirachtin is most stable in mildly acidic aqueous solutions between pH 4 and 6 at room temperature. It is unstable in mildly alkaline and strongly acidic solutions. It is stable when stored in neutral organic solvents at room temperature for months. While it is relatively stable to heating in the seeds or as a pure solid, it is rapidly destroyed or altered by heating in aqueous solution and methanol. In methanol at 90°C it is quantitatively converted to 3-acetyl-1-tigloylazadirachtinin. © 1998 SCI     

高效氯氟氰菊酯、丁硫克百威及印楝素对十字花科蔬菜上海青中游离氨基酸的影响

室外盆栽条件下测定了高效氯氟氰菊酯、丁硫克百威和印楝素3种农药处理后十字花科蔬菜上海青Brassica campestris ssp. Chinensis (L.) 中游离氨基酸的变化。结果表明:药后2 d和9 d,各处理组游离氨基酸总量均极显著高于对照(P<0.01),尤其在药后 2 d,丁硫克百威处理组比对照高13.88%。高效氯氟氰菊酯处理后2 d,谷氨酸(Glu)、甘氨酸(Gly)和丙氨酸(Ala) 含量分别增加 22.29%、20.60%和18.83%;丁硫克百威处理后2 d, 这3种氨基酸含量分别增加17.87%、17.87%和14.58%。3种农药对上海青中人体必需氨基酸含量影响明显,印楝素处理后均有所增加,另两种处理除苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+ Tyr)和赖氨酸(Lys)含量降低外,其余均有所增加,且在施药初期增加的幅度较大。高效氯氟氰菊酯和丁硫克百威处理后2 d,上海青中昆虫必需氨基酸总量比对照分别增加15.21%和11.80%。3种农药处理后上海青中游离氨基酸含量变化明显,推测其可能与农药造成害虫再猖獗有一定的联系。     

印楝素B稳定性的观察

室内试验测定结果表明,印楝种子甲醇抽提物中印楝素B在甲醇、乙醇、乙腈和DMF等溶剂中具有良好的稳定性。在54℃下贮存14 d,印楝素B的降解率分别为-1.87%、1.13%、-2.32%和5.24%。印楝素干粉中印楝素B在甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和DMF等溶剂中的稳定性不佳,在54℃下贮存14 d,印楝素B的降解率分别为24.07%、35.65%、19.88%和10.29%。印楝种子甲醇抽提物在甲醇 水(55/3,V/V)中于0℃下贮存7 d和14 d,印楝素B的降解率分别为-2.98%和1.03%。于54℃下贮存7 d和14 d,印楝素B的降解率分别8.73%和15.09%。于甲醇 水(9/1,V/V)中在54℃下热贮14 d,印楝素B的降解率为52.47%,稳定性高于印楝素A。紫外光下照射19 d,印楝种子甲醇抽提物中印楝素B的降解率为-2.94%。     

超临界CO2流体萃取印楝种子中印楝素的研究

建立了用超临界流体从印楝种子中萃取印楝素的方法，用正交试验优化设计选择萃取条件，最佳萃取条件为：温度35℃，压力30MPa，夹带剂用量每克印楝种子干粉1．5mL甲醇，提取率明显优于溶剂法。     

印楝素对草地贪夜蛾的毒力测定及田间防效

【目的】评价印楝素对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的毒力与防效,为草地贪夜蛾的防治提供技术参考。【方法】采用浸叶法与喷雾法测定了印楝素对草地贪夜蛾的室内毒力和田间防治效果。【结果】在室内条件下,0.3%(φ)印楝素乳油处理草地贪夜蛾7 d后,2龄和3龄幼虫的LC50值分别为0.59和0.46 mg/L;40%(w)印楝素干粉处理草地贪夜蛾7 d后,2龄和3龄幼虫的LC_(50)值分别为0.93和0.79 mg/L。0.3%印楝素乳油处理草地贪夜蛾3 d后,2龄和3龄幼虫的AFC50值分别为0.30和0.12 mg/L;40%印楝素干粉处理草地贪夜蛾3 d后,2龄和3龄幼虫的AFC50值分别为0.53和0.30 mg/L。0.3%印楝素乳油稀释500倍喷雾处理后1、3和7 d对草地贪夜蛾的防效分别达到了24.83%、50.34%和75.50%。【结论】印楝素对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的毒杀活性与拒食活性,7 d后的防治效果较好;印楝素对草地贪夜蛾的防治具有广阔的应用前景。     

印楝果实成熟期调查及不同采收期印楝素含量的变化

印楝果实的成熟期较长,不同成熟期所采样品的百粒重、印楝素含量和印楝素产量也不相同,调查和实验结果显示：印楝果实的成熟期集中在7月初至9月中旬期间;早期样品的百粒重低而印楝索含量高,后期样品百粒重高而印楝素含量低,成熟率约30％时百粒重和印楝素含量基本稳定,印楝素产量在果实成熟后基本稳定;同一时期采摘的样品中,绿色果皮的样品印楝素含量和产量均高于黄色果皮的样品。     

Effect of Botanical Insecticides on the Foraging and Feeding Behavior of the Coccinellid PredatorCryptolaemus montrouzieri

To investigate the effect of botanicals on the foraging behavior of the mealybug predatorCryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, predator larvae and adults were exposed to leaves and the mealybugPlanococcus citri (Risso) treated with one of the following: a crude neem seed extract; a formulation of azadirachtin (Azatin EC®); a pyrethrum extract; and one of two naphthoquinones isolated fromCalceolaria andina Benth. (BTG 504 and BTG 505). All the botanicals influenced the foraging behavior ofC. montrouzieri, at one or more concentrations. Larval and adult foraging behavior was influenced most by BTG 504 and neem also affected larval behavior; the predators contacted fewer treated leaves and spent less time on treated than on untreated leaves. Larvae also consumed fewer mealybugs treated with BTG 504 and BTG 505 compared with untreated mealybugs.     

Green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), reproduction during exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin

BACKGROUND: Resurgence of insect pests following insecticide applications is often attributed to natural enemy disturbance, but hormesis could be an alternative or additional mechanism. Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is an important insect pest of many crops worldwide that may be exposed to sublethal insecticide concentrations over time. Here, the hypothesis that exposure to low concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin can induce hormetic responses in M. persicae is tested in the laboratory. RESULTS: When insects were exposed to potato leaf discs dipped in sublethal concentrations of insecticide, almost all measured endpoints—adult longevity, F1 production, F1 survival and F2 production—were affected, and a statistically significant (P < 0.05) stimulatory response was recorded for F2 production following exposure to imidacloprid. No other measures for hormesis were statistically significant, but other trends of hormetic response were consistently observed. CONCLUSIONS: Given that variable distribution and degradation of insecticides in the field would result in a wide range of concentrations over time and space, these laboratory experiments suggest that exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin could stimulate reproduction in M. persicae. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

5种杀虫剂和黄瓜新小绥螨对棉田朱砂叶螨的协调防治

为协调使用杀虫剂及害虫天敌,本文测定了阿维菌素、印楝素、苦参碱、除虫菊素和吡虫啉5种常用杀虫剂分别与天敌黄瓜新小绥螨(原名胡瓜钝绥螨)对棉田朱砂叶螨的联合防治效果。结果表明:1.8%阿维菌素EW(1∶8 000)处理6d后释放黄瓜新小绥螨对朱砂叶螨的防治效果最佳,20d后相对防治效果高达96.63%;其次是0.3%印楝素EC(1∶250)处理7d后释放黄瓜新小绥螨,1d和20d后防效分别为59.7%和90.16%;0.5%苦参碱AS(1∶2 000)处理6d后释放黄瓜新小绥螨,20d后相对防治效果达到82.65%。本研究为朱砂叶螨可持续防控提供了可选方案,为延缓抗药性产生提供了研究思路。