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21.
基于广泛靶向代谢组技术,以印楝愈伤组织为材料,研究了外源鲨烯和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJ)处理对印楝素生物合成代谢网络的影响.通过饲喂印楝愈伤组织鲨烯和茉莉酸甲酯,结合超高效液相色谱和质谱分析手段,对饲喂处理后的印楝愈伤组织代谢物进行定性定量分析.结果 表明,MeJ和鲨烯显著影响印楝愈伤组织的代谢活动,MeJ处理后共检132种差异代谢物,包括52种初生代谢物和80种次生代谢物.MeJ调控有机酸、脂质、氨基酸以及黄酮类和酚类物质的代谢,抑制印楝素B、诺米林和葫芦素E的合成.鲨烯处理检出137种差异代谢物,32种代谢物表达上调.MeJ和鲨烯均显著促进印楝素A、Azadiradione、Nimbin和Salannin的合成,抑制印楝素B和D的合成.初步阐明了MeJ和鲨烯影响印楝素A合成的机制,即二者通过调控初级代谢途径,影响印楝素合成前体的供给;通过抑制固醇类物质的次生代谢,促使更多的前体进入印楝索A合成的代谢流,进而调控印楝素的生物合成.  相似文献   
22.
对印楝素进行水解反应,得到3-羟基,12-羧基印楝素,以浸叶喂食法研究了3-羟基,12-羧基印楝素对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura和棉铃虫Heliothis armigera的生物活性.结果表明,在室温敞开体系贮存15 d后,印楝素、印楝素干粉和印楝种子甲醇粗提物溶液中印楝素大部分降解,但溶液仍对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有良好的毒杀活性.处理后24 和48 h,3-羟基, 12-羧基印楝素对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的AFC50值分别为37.19 和 50.18 μg/mL.在3 μg/mL的剂量下处理后24 h,3-羟基,12-羧基印楝素对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的拒食率为 46.69 %;在5 μg/mL的剂量下处理后24 h,对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的拒食率为75.65 %;在3 μg/mL的剂量下处理后72 h,小菜蛾3龄幼虫的死亡率为61.28 %;在5 μg/mL的剂量下处理后72 h,棉铃虫3龄幼虫的死亡率为47.65%;在 2.0 μg/mL 的剂量下处理后72 h,棉铃虫3龄幼虫的体质量下降率为48.93 %;在1.0 μg/mL的剂量下处理后 72 h,斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的体质量下降率为41.18 %.  相似文献   
23.
【目的】甘蓝Brassica oleracea生长期施用w为0.3%的印楝素乳油,检测印楝素在甘蓝和土壤中的残留及消解动态。【方法】印楝素在0.05~5.00 mg·kg~(-1)水平范围内取0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·kg-1添加,样品中的印楝素经乙腈超声波辅助提取,弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化,高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测,外标法定量。【结果】印楝素在甘蓝中的平均回收率为88.52%~93.21%,相对标准偏差为2.75%~3.55%;在土壤中平均回收率为90.69%~93.32%,相对标准偏差为2.09%~3.46%。印楝素在甘蓝中的残留半衰期为0.89 d,在土壤中的残留半衰期为2.40 d。【结论】印楝素属易降解农药。该施药方法安全可靠,值得借鉴。  相似文献   
24.
采用盆栽和室内试验,测定了几种新药剂对茶叶瘿螨的防效.结果表明,99%矿物油乳油100~200倍和0.6%苦参碱水剂1000~2000倍、0.3%印楝素可溶液剂500倍和1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂500倍,药后7 d的防效均在90%以上.矿物油和3种植物源农药对茶叶瘿螨有良好的防治效果.  相似文献   
25.
    
A range of cultured cells of invertebrate and vertebrate origin was grown in the presence of a number of phytochemical pesticides to test the effect of the latter on cell proliferation. The main observation was that azadirachtin was a potent inhibitor of insect cell replication, with an EC50 of 1.5 x 10(10) M against Spodoptera cells and of 6.3 x 10(9) M against Aedes albopictus cells, whilst affecting mammalian cells only at high concentrations (> 10(-4) M). As expected, the other phytochemical pesticides, except for rotenone, had little effect on the growth of the cultured cells. Rotenone was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of insect cells (EC50:10(-8) M) but slightly less toxic towards mammalian cells (EC50:2 x 10(-7) M). Neem terpenoids other than azadirachtin and those very similar in structure significantly inhibited growth of the cell cultures, but to a lesser degree. The major neem seed terpenoids, nimbin and salannin, for example, inhibited insect cell growth by 23% and 15%, respectively.  相似文献   
26.
    
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27.
    
Cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB) is an economically important pest of oilseed rape crops in Europe that was effectively controlled by neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments until they were banned by the European Union in 2013. Since then, CSFB has been a difficult pest to control effectively, in part due to many populations having developed resistance to pyrethroids, the only authorized insecticides used to control this pest in many countries. Alternative solutions are therefore necessary, such as biopesticides. We tested an entomopathogenic fungus, three entomopathogenic bacteria isolates, two fatty acids and azadirachtin against CSFB adults under laboratory conditions. We also tested the efficacy of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin.  相似文献   
28.
    
The cardiac glycoside, digitoxin, from Digitalis purpurea L (Scrophulariaceae), a cardiac glycosidal (cardenolide) extract from Calotropis procera (Ait) R Br (Asclepiadaceae), azadirachtin and neem oil from Azadirachta indica A Juss (Meliaceae) were tested for their effects against larvae and adult stages of the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii Koch (Acari: Ixodidae). The contact LC50 values of the first three materials against adults were 4.08, 9.63 and >40.7 microg cm(-2), respectively, whereas the dipping LC50 values of the four materials were 409.9, 1096, >5000 and >5000 mg litre(-1), respectively. Contact and dipping LC50 values of the extract and azadirachtin against larvae were 6.16, >20.3 microg cm(-2) and 587.7 and >2500 mg litre(-1), respectively. Azadirachtin had no effects on egg production or feeding of adults up to 5000 mg litre(-1); however at 2500 mg litre(-1), it caused significant reduction in feeding activity of larve, prolonged the period for moulting to nymphal stage, and caused 60% reduction in moultability. Results of the two cardiac glycoside materials are comparable with those of several commercial acaricides. The risks and benefits associated with the use of cardiac glycosides are considered.  相似文献   
29.
    
BACKGROUND: Infestation of seeds by pests during storage leads to deterioration in quality. Seed coating is an effective option to overcome the menace. Unlike synthetic fungicidal seed coats, little is known of those based on botanicals. This study aims at developing azadirachtin‐A‐based pesticidal seed coats to maintain seed quality during storage. RESULTS: Polymer‐ and clay‐based coats containing azadirachtin‐A were prepared and evaluated for quality maintenance of soybean seed during storage. Gum acacia, gum tragacanth, rosin, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyethyl methacrylate, methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and Agrimer VA 6 polymers and the clay bentonite were used as carriers. The time for 50% release (t1/2) of azadirachtin‐A into water from the seeds coated with the different coats ranged from 8.02 to 21.36 h. The half‐life (T1/2) of azadirachtin‐A in the coats on seed ranged from 4.37 to 11.22 months, as compared with 3.45 months in azadirachtin‐A WP, showing an increase by a factor of nearly 1.3–3.3 over the latter. The coats apparently acted as a barrier to moisture to reduce azadirachtin‐A degradation and prevented proliferation of storage fungi. Polyethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were significantly superior to the other polymers. Azadirachtin‐A showed a significant positive correlation with seed germination and vigour, and negative correlation with moisture content. CONCLUSION: Effective polymeric carriers for seed coats based on azadirachtin‐A are reported. These checked seed deterioration during storage by acting as a barrier to moisture and reduced the degradation of azadirachtin‐A. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
30.
研究了静电喷雾技术控制茶园假眼小绿叶蝉的效果.结果表明,应用静电喷雾每亩使用功夫菊酯0.5 g,对假眼小绿叶蝉的防治效果达到96%,与每亩氯吡硫磷20 g和吡虫啉5 g常规喷雾效果相当.印楝素对假眼小绿叶蝉的防治效果很低.  相似文献   
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