Genetic relationships and hybrid vigour in olive (Olea europaea L.) by microsatellites

The olive (Olea europaea) is one of the most important oleaginous crops of the Mediterranean basin. Increased demand for olive oil creates a need for new olive varieties to help meet the requirements of the global market. However, olive breeding has been handicapped by such varied challenges as a prolonged juvenile period, agrotechnical problems and insufficient genetic knowledge. The use of DNA markers has the potential to overcome these problems and increase the effectiveness of classical breeding programmes. In this study, co‐dominant polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used as markers to analyse the genetic relationships between several local and other ‘non‐native’ olive cultivars. Cluster analysis revealed four major groups among the 15 cultivars examined in this study. Table and oil cultivars were clustered in different groups. However, the clusters did not differentiate between cultivars of different geographical origins. In addition, we used the data gathered to analyse genetic relationships to evaluate the effects of heterosis in agricultural traits. Genetic distances between cultivars were determined based on the SSR genotype data and were used for evaluating the possible effects of heterosis in various F₁ populations. Interestingly, phenotypic data of F₁ progenies from crosses between different cultivars indicated the potential effects of heterosis as expressed in several traits. Genetic distance between parents was significantly correlated to F₁ performance for three traits: percentage of dry fruit weight, oil content and commercial oil production. Thus, crosses between olive cultivars exhibiting relatively extensive genetic distances one from the other are expected to result in better progeny performance in future Olea breeding programmes. Our study linked assessment of biodiversity of commercial olive cultivars with the application of this information in olive breeding programmes for selection of specific parents to generate superior new cultivars.     

中国橄榄研究40年

橄榄是我国热带亚热带特色果树,栽培历史悠久。40年来,我国橄榄研究取得长足进步,在一些领域获得重大突破,有力地支撑了橄榄产业的发展。本文全面梳理40年来我国橄榄研究发展历程及取得的主要成绩,总结橄榄种质资源、栽培技术、果实品质、保鲜加工、药理活性和生物技术等方面取得的重要进展。针对我国橄榄产业存在的问题及发展趋势,建议加强橄榄应用基础研究及产业关键性技术研发,推动橄榄产业转型升级与绿色发展。     

南京地区西瓜秋延迟栽培技术研究

为延长西瓜供应时间,实现反季节上市,提高大棚利用率,研究了南京地区西瓜秋延迟栽培技术。结果表明:‘早佳8424’和‘小兰’为最适宜南京地区秋延迟栽培的中型和小型西瓜品种;采用地爬式栽培,西瓜单果重,商品性好,投资较小;采用吊蔓栽培,栽培密度大,西瓜亩产高;种苗8月上旬定植,生长期避开高温,利于高产增收。     

春秋兼用家蚕品种“恒·丰×富玉”的育成

利用杂交育种及系统选择方法,育成了综合经济性状优良的春秋兼用家蚕新品种恒·丰×富玉。经浙江省家蚕新品种实验室鉴定和农村生产试验表明,该品种孵化、眠起、上蔟齐一,茧丝品质优,万蚕产茧量、万蚕茧层量、5龄1日万蚕茧层量分别比对照品种秋丰×白玉提高2.45%、4.91%、5.22%;一粒茧丝长1158m,解舒丝长996m,洁净96.10分,鲜茧出丝率16.12%,均优于对照品种。日系新品种富玉抗BmNPV感染能力较白玉有明显提高。2010年2月该品种通过浙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

Influences of dietary distillers dried grain level on growth performance,body composition and biochemical parameters of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) level on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Five diets (designated as DDG0, DDG7, DDG14, DDG21 and DDG28) were prepared to contain 0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 g kg^?1 DDG. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 11.6 ± 0.1 g were fed one of the diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed diets containing 70–280 g kg^?1 DDG was not different to that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency of fish fed DDG21 and DDG28 diets was lower than that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P < 0.05). The antioxidant enzyme and digestive enzyme activities were not affected by dietary DDG levels. The results of this experiment suggested that DDG is a valuable ingredient as a candidate to replace wheat flour in the diet and could be used up to 280 g kg^?1 for the growth of olive flounder. On the other hand, if lower feed efficiency of fish fed 210–280 g kg^?1 DDG is considered, up to 140 g kg^?1 DDG in diet is recommended for optimum feed utilization of fish.     

Characterizing environmental and spatial variables associated with the incidental catch of olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific purse‐seine fishery

In the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), a region of high fishing activity, olive ridley (Lepidochelis olivacea) and other sea turtles are accidentally caught in fishing nets with tuna and other animals. To date, the interaction between fishing activity, ocean conditions and sea turtle incidental catch in the ETP has been described and quantified, but the factors leading to the interaction of olive ridleys and fishing activity are not well understood. This information is essential for the development of future management strategies that avoid bycatch and incidental captures of sea turtles. We used Generalized additive models (GAM) to analyze the relationship between olive ridley incidental catch per unit effort (iCPUE) in the ETP purse‐seine fisheries and environmental conditions, geographic extent and fishing set type (associated with dolphins, floating objects or in free‐swimming tuna schools). Our results suggest that water temperature, set type and geographic location (latitude, longitude and distance to nesting beaches) are the most important predictor variables to describe the probability of a capture event, with the highest iCPUE observed in sets made over floating objects. With the environmental predictors used, sea surface temperatures (SST) of 26–30°C and chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) concentrations <0.36 mg m^?3 were associated with the highest probability of an incidental catch. Temporally, the highest probability of an incidental catch was observed in the second half of the year (June to December). Four regions were observed as high incidental catch hotspots: North and south of the equator between 0–10°N; 0–10°S and from 120 to 140°W; and along the Colombian coast and surrounding regions.     

竹叶与松针黄酮提取液对橄榄果实的保鲜效果

提取箬竹和马尾松叶片总黄酮作为天然保鲜剂用于橄榄浸泡处理,以研究竹叶和松针黄酮提取液对橄榄果实的保鲜效果。结果表明,不同浓度的竹叶和松针黄酮提取液均能对橄榄果实起到一定的保鲜作用,其中 393 mg/L 竹叶黄酮提取液、330 mg/L 松针黄酮提取液处理的橄榄果实好果率均高于对照,贮藏第 77 天时,橄榄好果率分别为 76.11%、78.89%。2 种处理均可延缓果实可溶性总糖含量下降,促进多酚含量下降,提高橄榄果实的糖酚比,能有效改善橄榄果实贮藏期内的鲜食品质。     

橄榄汁饮料的研制

研究了橄榄汁饮料的加工工艺。结果表明,采用质量分数为0.005%的果胶酶,酶解温度25℃,酶解时间60min,可获得理想的产率,橄榄汁的产率可提高为20%。通过调配(添加稳定剂、防腐剂、调节糖酸比),可生产出色、香、味俱佳的橄榄汁饮料。     

Removal of Dispersed Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Olive Stones

In order to valorize olive stones and to show its potential use in the sorption of two dispersed dyes, it was transformed in activate carbon and characterized. The effects of different system variables： pH, agitation speed, temperature and initial dye concentration were studied in the batch tests. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon for the dyes removal was found to be affected by the solution＇s pH. Acidic pH was found the favour disperse dyes removal. Over 95% removal was achieved for both the dyes at pH 3. The equilibrium time for both dyes was 30 min. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms could be used to describe the adsorption of the dyes. Freundlich adsorption model succeeded in fitting the adsorption isotherms of dyes on olive stones activated carbon in single-solute systems, and prediction of the competitive adsorption behavior of dyes with the Freundlich-based Sheindorf-Rebuhn-Sheintuch （SRS） model gave acceptable results.     

毛竹种子秋播育苗技术

系统地总结了毛竹种子秋播育苗一系列技术措施,为边远、缺苗、交通不便地区发展毛竹提供了一条有效途径。