Yield and olive oil characteristics of a low-density orchard (cv. Cordovil) subjected to different irrigation regimes

The impact of different irrigation scheduling regimes on the quantity and quality of olive oil from a low-density olive grove in southern Portugal was assessed during the irrigation seasons of 2006 and 2007. Olive trees were subjected to one of the following treatments: A—full irrigation; B—sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) with 60% of ETc water applied with irrigation; C—regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with irrigation water applied at three critical phases: before flowering, at the beginning of pit hardening and before crop harvesting and D—rain-fed treatment. Olive oil yield was significantly higher than rain-fed conditions in 2006, an “on year” of significant rainfall during summer. No significant yield differences were observed in the following “off year”. Among the irrigated treatments, olive oil production of treatment B was 32.5% and 40.1% higher in 2006 and 2007, respectively than the fully irrigated treatment A, despite receiving 49% less irrigation water. Such strategy could allow for an efficient use of water in the region, of very limited available resources, and for modest but important oil yield increase. Nonetheless, on the “on year” of 2006 treatment C used 13.9% of the water applied to treatment B and produced only 23.9% less olive fruits which could also make it illegible as the next possible strategy to use for irrigating olive trees in the region, provided that water is secured latter in the summer, a period of vital importance for oil accumulation and very sensitive to water stress as the poor results of 2007 revealed. The different treatment water regimes did not impact on the chemical characteristics of olive oils that were within the set threshold limits. Similarly, the sensory characteristics of the olive oils as well as bitterness and pungency were negligible for all treatments allowing them to be assessed as of “superior quality”.Overall, irrigation treatments had no influence on the commercial value of produced oils, being all classified as “extra virgin”. Such funding may be of vital importance to farmers willing to further their irrigation area, save water and still retain the protected designation of origin (PDO) seal of quality for their oil.     

Short-Term Agronomical Effects of Olive Oil Pomace Composts on Pisum arvense L. and Trifolium subterraneum L. and Impacts on Soil Properties

Olive oil pomace (OLP) contains organic matter and nutrients that could be recycled by composting and supplying it to crops, solving the problem of disposal.

The effects of two OLP composts (C1 and C2) were assessed on two leguminous forage crops commonly cropped in the local livestock farms. In particular, C1 was applied on proteic pea and C2 on clover, compared with a mineral fertilizer (Min) and a commercial organic–mineral fertilizer (Org-min). The influence of composts on some soil chemical properties was also investigated.

The application of C1 significantly increased proteic pea dry weight at the end of the cycle by 27.2% and 52.0% and grain yield by 23.2% and 43.6%, in comparison with Org-min and Min, respectively. The clover dry weight during the entire cycle was lower in C2, in comparison with the other treatments, while no significant difference was found between C2 and the Org-min treatment both in yield and plant height.

Soil nitrate decreased from the beginning to the end of the trial in C1 and C2 plots by 22.8% and 50.9%, respectively. Soil phosphorous content significantly increased in Min by 32.4 and 41.7% compared to C1 and C2, respectively. These results showed that the substitution of commercial fertilizers with compost could be an environmentally sustainable solution. The high presence of heavy metals in compost should not affect soil application at least in this short-term trial.     

溪洛渡水电站无压泄洪洞衬砌混凝土秋季施工温控方案优选

为研究溪洛渡水电站无压泄洪洞秋季施工的温控防裂问题,运用三维有限元法模拟施工过程与温控措施,通过改变混凝土表面的热对流系数来模拟洒水、流水养护的影响,采用直接法模拟冷却水管的作用。运用ANSYS软件对1.0m厚衬砌混凝土秋季施工的5种工况,包括基本工况、基本工况加洒水养护、恒温流水养护、加洒水及恒温流水养护、无通水冷却,进行了仿真计算。通过比较相应工况中特定断面的表面点在不同时间的温度应力值和抗裂安全系数,得出结论:洒水能够有效降低拉应力;常温流水会加大内表温差;通水冷却有效降低最高温度,但应力改善效果不明显。秋季浇筑混凝土,早期宜洒水和通水冷却,后期恒温流水养护,这样能够有效避免温度裂缝的产生。     

DETERMINATION OF OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER TOXIC EFFECTS ON THREE MINT SPECIES GROWN IN HYDROPONIC CULTURE

The effects of two olive mill wastewater (OMW) dilutions upon physiological function and metabolic components of three mint species grown in hydroponic culture were studied. Visible symptoms, chlorosis and stunted growth, were pronounced in peppermint and spearmint; toxicity symptoms in menthe douce were few. Peppermint and spearmint displayed loss of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K); menthe douce revealed accumulation of Ca, sodium (Na), and iron (Fe), under OMW. The loss of Ca negatively affected the development and stability of cell wall and membrane; the Mg deficiency negatively affected the photosynthetic apparatus and carbon fixation. Fv′/ Fm′ was slightly affected under OMW, whereas, Φ_PSII, q _P and Rfd displayed significant reductions. No clear effect of OMW on phenols and carbohydrates among the species were found. Ascorbic acid content in peppermint dropped dramatically; the reduction was lower for spearmint and menthe douce. The OMW resistant species, menthe douce, developed a mechanism to control the physiological and the biochemical status.     

秋耕覆盖对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

在宁南旱区,采用免耕、深松、翻耕结合秸秆、地膜等覆盖耕作措施,以翻耕不覆盖为对照,研究覆盖耕作模式下休闲期土壤的蓄水保墒效果、马铃薯生育期土壤水分的变化特征及对作物生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在休闲末期,不同覆盖耕作处理下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量均比休闲初期明显提高.与翻耕不覆盖处理相比,免耕覆盖地膜、深松覆盖地膜和翻耕覆盖地膜处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量分别比对照处理提高7.6%,9.3%和8.0%.马铃薯生育前期,覆盖地膜结合不同耕作措施下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量最高,生育中后期覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理对0~200 cm土层土壤保水效果最佳.覆盖地膜结合不同耕作处理能促进马铃薯生育前期的生长,生育中后期以覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理促进作用最为显著.不同覆盖耕作处理均能提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,增产效果以免耕覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖秸秆和翻耕覆盖秸秆处理最为显著,分别较对照组增产51.2%,42.8%和35.3%,水分利用效率分别比对照组提高50.0%,42.3%和32.3%.可见,覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理的增产效果和提高水分利用效率最高.     

不同原料对金花菌茶品质的影响

为促进金花菌茶产品的开发,通过人工接种金花菌发酵,分析比较不同茶类、不同绿茶原料对金花菌茶品质的影响。结果表明,不同茶类原料中以红茶发酵的金花菌茶感官品质最佳,菌香浓郁,绵滑感强,但内含物质含量以晒青发酵的最高;不同绿茶原料中以杀青揉捻叶发酵的金花菌茶品质最佳,汤色橙黄尚明,滋味浓醇绵滑,内含成分丰富。这说明在不同茶类中以红茶为原料更有利于金花菌茶感官品质的形成,晒青原料更有利于金花菌茶理化品质的形成,而以杀青揉捻叶为原料发酵金花菌茶更有利于降低生产成本。     

一年两熟地区保护性耕作深松试验

为深入了解深松对产量的影响,2013—2017年连续5年进行了深松试验,初步证明小麦玉米一年两熟区,采用保护性耕作免耕后,实施深松能取得明显增产效果。夏深松的效果优于秋深松,5年平均值夏深松比不深松增产5.9%,比秋深松增产2.3%,同时作业费用较低,大面积应用有利农户增产增收。但在夏季干旱严重又缺乏灌溉条件的地区,仍需采用秋深松。深松对作业当季产量影响最大,试验的8季收获中6季为当季产量最高。连续多年深松存在明显的增产效应递减现象,夏深松第1年增产18%,此后逐年降为6.3%、3.9%、3.4%、1.7%。增产效应递减反映出深松对产量影响的两面性:既有疏松土壤、增加田间持水量等正面影响,也有降低播种质量、迟缓土壤有机质积累、减少土壤细菌数量等负面影响,负面影响逐年增大,深松增产效应逐步下降。当增产幅度低于2%时,深松将增产不增收。从本试验看,夏深松第5年、秋深松第3年增产幅度降至投入大于产出的拐点。合理的深松周期需因地制宜,尚需通过进一步试验来确定。     

内蒙古河套灌区小麦套种玉米秋浇覆膜灌溉试验研究

内蒙古河套灌区是全国3个特大型灌区之一,灌区每年农业用水量45亿m3左右,其中秋浇用水量占到1/3。秋浇是河套灌区特有的灌水方式,也是灌区节水保墒的关键。以河套灌区具有代表性且种植面积较大的小麦套种玉米田块为研究对象,进行秋浇覆膜灌溉新技术的试验研究,通过对不同试验方案的跟踪观测,系统地分析了这种灌溉新技术的节水增产效果。     

土耳其油橄榄种质资源发展现状与启示

油橄榄种质资源承载了丰富的物种多样性和遗传多样性,是油橄榄繁衍发展的物质基础.土耳其油橄榄栽培历史悠久,良种规模化程度高,经济效益好.文中介绍土耳其油橄榄栽培管理和加工以及在油橄榄种质收集等方面的技术领先优势,提出了我国油橄榄发展建议.目前我国油橄榄种质资源研究停滞于初步调查阶段,迫切需要在种质资源方面进行系统性和针对...     

甘肃陇南油橄榄配方施肥试验研究

施肥是影响油橄榄丰产稳产的关键性措施。通过不同施肥配方及施肥量对不同品种新梢生长量及鲜果产量的影响试验得出：施用有机肥＋无机肥的混合肥,于11月份施5kg的菜籽饼,1kg过磷酸钙、0．5kg硫酸钾、200g硼肥;于4月、6月、8月各施O．1kg尿素,于每年的4月、7月、11月灌3次水,可使单株产量由2．4kg提高到18．2kg,净增产15．8kg,增产增效显著。