高寒地区一年生牧草及饲料作物混播群体研究

综合阐述了国内外高寒地区一年生牧草及饲料作物单播与混播对草地的产草量、饲用品质等方面的影响,播种、施肥和刈割对混播草地的影响,概述了一年生禾本科牧草与豆科牧草最适混播比例与播量、混播群体种群结构及种间竞争等方面的研究现状.     

Impacts of Dryland Cropping Systems on Ground Beetle Communities (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the Northern Great Plains

Ground beetles are natural predators of insect pests and small seeds in agroecosystems. In semiarid cropping systems of the Northern Great Plains, there is a lack of knowledge to how ground beetles are affected by diversified cover crop rotations. In a 2-yr study (2018 and 2019), our experiment was a restricted-randomization strip-plot design, comprising summer fallow, an early-season cover crop mixture (five species), and a mid-season cover crop mixture (seven species), with three cover crop termination methods (i.e., herbicide, grazing, and haying). Using pitfall traps, we sampled ground beetles in five 48-h intervals throughout the growing season (n = 135 per year) using growing degree day (GDD) accumulations to better understand changes to ground beetle communities. Data analysis included the use of linear mixed-effects models, perMANOVA, and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations. We did not observe differences among cover crop termination methods; however, activity density in the early-season cover crop mixture decreased and in summer fallow increased throughout the growing season, whereas the mid-season cover crop mixture peaked in the middle of the summer. Ground beetle richness and evenness showed a nonlinear tendency, peaking in the middle of the growing season, with marginal differences between cover crops or fallow after the termination events. Also, differences in ground beetle composition were greatest in the early- and mid-season cover crop mixtures earlier in the growing season. Our study supports the use of cover crop mixtures to enhance ground beetle communities, with potential implications for pest management in dryland cropping systems.     

氮磷肥对甜菜根产量反应曲面方程效应的初步研究

以二因素D—饱和最优设计,探讨了氮、磷肥在较高肥力土壤和中低肥力土壤对甜菜根产量的影响。利用产量反应曲面确定了氮、磷肥合理配比区和肥料成本最低施肥线(OP)。结果表明:任何地区靠单纯增施氮、磷肥而提高的产量是有限的;随根产量的提高适宜的氮、磷比例范围会缩小,但都有磷肥比例逐渐增大的趋势。通过对两种地力组分析,认为在较高土壤肥力区,氮、磷肥适合用量分别为6.09kg/亩、10.91kg/亩;中低土壤肥力区为7.8kg/亩、11.78kg/亩。     

Alteration of plant species mixtures by virus infection: Managed pastures the forgotten dimension

What occurs when virus infection is spreading within a mixed plant species population? This question is important not only for economically significant, mixed species managed systems but also for environmentally significant mixed wild species populations. It received attention in recently published ecological studies on wild plant species, but these, and recent general pasture research publications, rarely mention earlier virus studies involving mixed species managed pasture. This review seeks to rectify that situation. It describes 10 diverse examples of past research on mixed species managed pasture done over two decades on three continents that demonstrated plant species balance changes arising from virus infection. These examples showed that plants belonging to susceptible pasture cultivars sensitive to systemic virus infection are sufficiently weakened that their ability to withstand competition from nonhost plants of other pasture species, or weed species, was diminished sufficiently to alter the plant species balance. Also, a similar alteration occurred when they were competing with virus-resistant or virus-tolerant host plants of the same or other pasture species, or a virus-resistant weed species. Such competition also diminished seed production, which decreased their ability to regenerate. Notably, as reported subsequently with wild plant species populations, when two different pasture species infected by the same virus compete with each other, growth of the more sensitive species is suppressed. Because managed mixed species pastures constitute an important component of regenerative agriculture, retaining an optimal balance of pasture species and delaying pasture decline from weed invasion both require effective management of virus diseases.     

不同间隔期喷施波尔多液对苹果褐斑病的防效评价

[目的]确定延长波尔多液施用间隔时间的可行性,为在实际生产管理中合理施用该药剂提供参考.[方法]2012、2013年分别间隔14、21和28 d施用波尔多液防治苹果褐斑病,评价其对苹果褐斑病的防治效果.[结果]当施用波尔多液间隔期为28 d时,减少施药次数1～2次,仍能有效防治苹果褐斑病.[结论]通过试验延长了波尔多液的施药间隔期并减少了使用次数,节省了成本,降低了污染.     

Soil micromorphological and physical properties after application of composts with polyethylene and biocomponent-derived polymers added during composting

Composts are considered to be one of the best soil amendments. However, the effects of composts with added polymeric materials on soil physical,hydraulic, and micromorphological properties have not been widely discussed. Changes in soil physical properties influence the numerous services that soils provide. We studied the impacts of composts with the addition of three different polymers(F1–F3) produced from polyethylene and thermoplastic corn starch on the physical, hydraulic, and micromorphological properties of two soils, a Cambic Phaeozem and a Luvic Phaeozem. Applying composts with polymers had limited or no significant effect on soil bulk density and porosity, but increased the field water capacity by 18%–82% and 3%–6% and the plant-available water content by 15%–23% and 4%–17% for the Cambic Phaeozem and Luvic Phaeozem, respectively. The application of composts with polymers had a greater effect on the Cambic Phaeozem than on the Luvic Phaeozem. It was suggested that the use of modified composts led to changes in soil physical properties and micromorphological features and this effect was dependent on the compost application rate. Composts made with the addition of composite synthetic and natural material-derived polymers during composting were found to be a composite mixture that can be successfully used in agriculture.     

西藏山南地区箭箸豌豆与春青稞混播效应的研究

【目的】探索箭筈豌豆(Vicia SativaL.cv)与春青稞(Hordeum VulgareL.cv)在西藏山南地区的适宜混播比例,为当地混播人工草地的建植提供科学依据。【方法】以箭筈豌豆和春青稞为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,研究了5种人工草地种植模式(V:100%箭筈豌豆+0%春青稞;VH1:70%箭筈豌豆+30%春青稞;VH2:50%箭筈豌豆+50%春青稞;VH3:30%箭筈豌豆+70%春青稞;H:0%箭筈豌豆+100%春青稞)的混播效果。【结果】混播可明显提高产草量和牧草品质,不同混播比例间的产草量及饲草粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量差异显著(P<0.05);随着箭筈豌豆混播比例的增加,饲草粗蛋白、粗脂肪、Ca和P含量随之增加,而NDF、ADF含量降低。【结论】5种种植模式中,混播比例以50%箭筈豌豆+50%春青稞为佳,在该种植模式下,产草量较高,品质较好,土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量提高。该混播比例可以在西藏山南地区推广应用。     

Automatic acoustic detection of the red palm weevil

The red palm weevil (RPW) is a key pest of horticultural and ornamental palm species in Asia, the Middle East and the Mediterranean region, currently dispersing in Mediterranean European countries, endangering the landscape. The RPW larvae bore deep into palm crowns, trunks and offshoots, concealed from visual inspection until the palms are nearly dead. Traded palm trees are intensively transported between and within countries, spreading the pest worldwide. Consequently, an urgent need exists to identify and monitor concealed RPW larvae. Acoustic signals of boring RPW larvae can be recorded from the infested palms using off-the-shelf recording devices, but the resolution of the signals emitted by healthy palms is often difficult to discriminate. The purpose of this research was to develop a mathematical method to automatically detect acoustic activity of RPW in offshoots and implement it in a prototype setup. The methodology applied was similar to techniques used in the field of speech recognition, utilizing Vector quantization (VQ) or Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM). The algorithm successfully achieved detection ratios as high as 98.9%. The study shows that it is feasible to detect RPW sounds using the mathematical method of speech recognition and commercial recording devices, which could be utilized to monitor trade and transportation of offshoots.     

高速公路沥青路面病害成因及预防措施

本文详细分析了高速公路沥青混凝土路面常见的几种病害及形成原因,并科学的提出了相应的预防措施。     

Establishment and production of common sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) in the UK. 2. Effects of direct sowing and undersowing in spring barley on sainfoin and sainfoin-grass mixtures

The dry matter (DM) yield and herbage quality of swards of sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ), meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensis ,) and tetraploid perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) grown in monocultures and in four sainfoin:grass mixtures (0·33 sainfoin:0·66 meadow fescue, 0·66 sainfoin:0·33 meadow fescue, 0·33 sainfoin:0·66 perennial ryegrass and 0·66 sainfoin:0·33 perennial ryegrass), established by direct sowing or undersowing in spring barley, were investigated over 3 years in a field experiment in the UK. Direct sowing produced a mean yield across all species and mixtures of 1·8 t DM ha⁻¹ in the establishment year, whereas undersowing produced no measurable yield except for that of the spring barley. Undersowing reduced the yields of sainfoin and sainfoin-grass mixtures in the first full-harvest year but not in the second. The annual yield of a monoculture of sainfoin was 7·53 t DM ha⁻¹ and that of sainfoin-grass mixtures was 8·33 t DM ha⁻¹ averaged over 3 years. Both sainfoin and the sainfoin-grass mixtures had higher annual DM yields than the grass monocultures. The mixture of 0·66 sainfoin:0·33 meadow fescue gave the highest mean annual yield (9·07 t DM ha⁻¹) over the 3 years. There was a higher proportion of sainfoin maintained in mixtures with perennial ryegrass than with meadow fescue. The proportion of sainfoin in sainfoin–meadow fescue mixtures declined from 0·62 in the first year to 0·32 in the third year, whereas the proportion in sainfoin–perennial ryegrass increased from 0·48 in the first year to 0·67 in the second year and remained stable in the third year.