射流泵液固两相流特性三维大涡模拟

为研究射流泵的三维液固两相流动特性,应用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法模拟其内部流动特征.采用LES方法和混合模型对射流泵在输送固体颗粒时的三维流场进行了数值模拟,分析了不同的固体颗粒直径、固相初始体积分数及流量比等参数对射流泵液固两相射流的湍射流场及射流泵基本特性的影响.结果表明：在较小的流量比条件下,固液两相流射流泵的压力比和效率与清水时的差别不大;但是在较大的流量比条件下,随着固相初始体积分数的增大,基本性能曲线与效率均下降,且流量比和固相初始体积分数越大时,其下降幅度越大;在固相初始体积分数和固相颗粒直径一定时,流量比越大,充分混合后的含砂体积分数将随之增大.固体颗粒直径越大,则越容易产生局部体积分布集中的现象,易在射流泵内形成堵塞.研究结果为工程实际应用提供了一定的技术支持.     

混播草坪的研究现状与展望

随着经济和社会的发展,人们对草坪的要求越来越高,因此混播草坪的发展速度在加快,应用范围在逐渐扩大。阐述了近些年混播草坪的研究现状与发展,主要介绍了混播的组合和养护管理措施对混播草坪的影响,并提出了混播草坪研究的不足之处和未来的发展前景,可为以后的混播草坪研究提供理论依据。     

微生物杀菌剂及其混配剂防治水稻纹枯病的田间药效试验

对微生物杀菌剂及其混配剂对水稻纹枯病进行田间防治试验,结果表明枯草芽孢杆菌10亿/g可湿性粉剂、井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌12.5%可湿性粉剂对水稻纹枯病有较好的防治效果。在发病初期施药,枯草芽孢杆菌10亿/g可湿性粉剂1500g/hm2防效为75.4%,产量增幅21.5%;井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌12.5%可湿性粉剂2880g/hm2防效为83.89%。可以作为井冈霉素的替代产品,进行推广应用。     

Biocontrol of vascular wilt and corm rot of gladiolus caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli using plant growth promoting rhizobacterial mixture

Talc-based formulations of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strain S2BC-2 (Bacillus atrophaeus) and strain mixture, S2BC-2 + TEPF-Sungal (Burkholderia cepacia), inhibitory to the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (FOG), were developed for corm dressing and soil application in gladiolus. In comparison to the individual strain, the strain mixture recorded maximum spike and corm production of 100 and 150%, respectively with less vascular wilt and corm rot incidences of 73.6 and 54.8% reduction over the pathogen control in greenhouse when inoculated with FOG. Reduction in disease incidence under greenhouse conditions occurred through induction of defence gene products such as chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Besides disease suppression, treatment with strain mixture promoted plant growth in terms of enhanced corm and cormel production and flowering. In field experiments, the strain mixture recorded less vascular wilt and corm rot incidences of 48.6 and 46.1% mean reduction over the non-bacterised control, and was almost comparable with that of fungicide (51.5 and 47.1%, respectively). The treatment also recorded increased spike and corm yield with average increases of 58.3 and 27.4%, respectively, relative to the control.     

颈静脉灌注不同模式的氨基酸混合物对泌乳奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响

本试验旨在比较颈静脉灌注酪蛋白模式和理想模式的氨基酸混合物对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛乳产量、乳成分以及乳腺对氨基酸摄取利用的影响。选择8头泌乳中期[泌乳天数:(82±11)d]荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,试验采用随机区组设计,将试验牛随机分为2组,分别颈静脉灌注160g/d酪蛋白模式(Casein组)和理想模式的氨基酸混合物(R组)。2个试验组分别以各自灌注前作为空白对照组(C1组为Casein组的空白对照组,C2组为R组的空白对照组)。预试期14d,灌注期5d。试验采用全混合日粮(TMR)饲喂,以玉米、豆粕、棉籽粕、玉米青贮、苜蓿干草和羊草为主要原料,参照NRC(2001)奶牛饲养标准配制。结果表明:灌注酪蛋白模式的氨基酸混合物后,乳蛋白产量和含量较灌注前呈上升趋势(乳蛋白产量上升7.14%,P=0.078;乳蛋白含量上升3.27%,P=0.072);并且,奶牛动脉血浆中异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、赖氨酸(Lys)和组氨酸(His)的浓度较灌注前有不同程度的上升(Ile的浓度提高31.5%,P=0.097;Leu的浓度提高65.9%,P=0.041;Lys的浓度提高36.9%,P=0.088;His的浓度提高40.1%,P=0.010),而苏氨酸(Thr)、缬氨酸(Val)、蛋氨酸(Met)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)和精氨酸(Arg)的浓度在数值上虽较灌注前高但无显著差异(P0.05)。灌注酪蛋白模式的氨基酸混合物后,奶牛乳腺对天冬氨酸(Asp)和半胱氨酸(Cys)的摄取率显著升高(Asp的摄取率提高95.2%,P=0.031;Cys的摄取率提高49.6%,P=0.031),而奶牛乳腺对甘氨酸(Gly)的摄取率显著降低(降低158.3%,P=0.041)。灌注理想模式的氨基酸混合物后,乳蛋白含量比灌注前有上升趋势(提高5.78%,P=0.064),而乳脂产量显著低于灌注前(降低8.57%,P=0.015);并且,奶牛动脉血浆中Arg的浓度有上升趋势(提高18.0%,P=0.093),而酪氨酸(Tyr)的浓度呈下降趋势(降低47.8%,P=0.074)。灌注理想模式的氨基酸混合物后,奶牛乳腺对谷氨酸(Glu)、Cys和Ile的摄取率显著上升(Glu的摄取率提高118.7%,P=0.015;Cys的摄取率提高77.4%,P=0.032;Ile的摄取率提高46.0%,P=0.012),而奶牛乳腺对Ser的摄取率呈下降趋势(降低56.2%,P=0.052)。灌注氨基酸混合物后,Casein组乳脂产量增量显著高于R组(P=0.012),且Casein组的乳产量增量(P=0.095)和乳糖产量增量(P=0.091)较R组有升高的趋势,而2组间其他指标增量无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,在本试验条件下,颈静脉灌注酪蛋白模式和理想模式的氨基酸混合物均可提高泌乳奶牛的乳蛋白含量,而灌注酪蛋白模式氨基酸混合物同时可以促进乳蛋白产量的升高,因此,颈静脉灌注酪蛋白模式氨基酸混合物的效果优于灌注理想模式氨基酸混合物。     

Effect of ensiling whole crop oat with lucerne in different ratios on fermentation quality,aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility on the Tibetan plateau

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ensiling different ratios of whole crop oat to lucerne on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of silage on the Tibetan plateau. Four experimental treatments were produced varying in the ratio of forages on a fresh matter (FM) basis: 1) 100% oat (control, dry matter (DM) content: 317 g/kg), 2) 90% oat + 10% lucerne (OL10, DM content: 316 g/kg), 3) 80% oat+ 20% lucerne (OL20, DM content: 317 g/kg) and 4) 70% oat+ 30% lucerne (OL30, DM content: 318 g/kg). All treatments were packed into laboratory‐scale silos and ensiled for 60 days and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 15 days. Further, the four experimental treatments were incubated in vitro with buffered rumen fluid to study the nutrient digestibility. All silages were well preserved with low pH and NH₃‐N contents, and high lactic acid contents and V‐scores (evaluation of silage quality). Increasing the lucerne proportion increased (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content of silage, whereas neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre contents were not affected. Under aerobic conditions, the control silage showed higher (p < 0.05) yeast counts (>10⁵ cfu/g FM) followed by OL10 silage, and OL10 silage improved aerobic stability for 74 h. OL20 and OL30 silages showed fewer (p < 0.05) yeasts (<10⁵ cfu/g FM) and markedly (p < 0.05) improved the aerobic stability (>360 h). After 48‐h incubation, OL30 silage increased (p < 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) compared with the control silage. These results suggest that replacing oat with lucerne had no unfavourable effects on fermentation quality of silage, but improved CP content, aerobic stability IVDMD and IVNDFD. OL30 silage was the best among the three mixed silages.     

磺胺类抗生素对青海弧菌Q67的浓度比依赖性拮抗作用

为系统考察磺胺类抗生素药物(SAs)污染物长期暴露下的生物毒性效应,以5种磺胺类抗生素(SAs):磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)、磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺吡啶(SPY)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)和磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)为研究对象,应用直接均分射线法(Equ-Ray)设计10个二元抗生素混合物体系(每个二元混合物体系设计5条具有不同浓度比的射线),应用优化的长期微板毒性分析法(L-MTA)系统测试这些抗生素在16 h对发光菌青海弧菌(Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67,Q67)的发光抑制毒性,并应用浓度加和模型(CA)分析混合物毒性相互作用。结果表明:5种SAs及其混合物射线对Q67在16 h呈现明显的毒性,但不同的抗生素毒性大小不同,以半数效应浓度的负对数(pEC_(50))为毒性大小指标,5种SAs的毒性大小顺序为:SMX(p EC50=3.95)SCP(p EC50=3.65)SPY(pEC_(50)=3.41)SD(pEC_(50)=3.36)SM2(pEC_(50)=3.21);10个SAs的二元混合物体系中7个呈现出加和作用,3个呈现出拮抗作用;3个混合物体系拮抗作用随组分浓度比的变化呈现不同的变化规律:混合物体系SCP-SPY和SCP-SMX中的射线拮抗作用均随SCP浓度比逐渐减小,即从R1到R2逐渐明显,从R2到R5几乎不变,而SCP-SM2体系,拮抗作用随组分SCP的浓度比逐渐减小,即从R1到R2逐渐明显,从R2到R5,逐渐变得不明显,R5在较高浓度区甚至出现了协同作用。     

半干旱地区禾-豆混播草地生物固氮作用研究

 本研究以羊草－沙打旺、羊草－兴安胡枝子、羊草－ 花苜蓿和羊草－ 紫花苜蓿混播草地为对象,比较４种豆科牧草在松嫩平原半干旱地区的生物固氮能力、氮素转移能力以及生物固氮量对草地氮产量的贡献。结果表明,羊草－沙打旺、羊草－紫花苜蓿混播草地氮产量显著高于单播羊草草地,草地粗蛋白含量的增加显著改善了草地质量。沙打旺、兴安胡枝子、花苜蓿和紫花苜蓿生物固氮率为３５％～４０％,大气氮是豆科牧草生长不可缺少的氮素来源。豆科牧草向羊草转移氮素２～１２ｋｇＮ／（ｈｍ^２·ａ）,占羊草氮产量的５％ ～２４％。豆科植物的固氮能力增加了草地氮素资源,沙打旺、兴安胡枝子、花苜蓿和紫花苜蓿生物固氮量分别占其混播草地总氮产量的２０．３０％,１７．７８％,１１．２９％和３１．７７％。     

改进线性光谱混合分解模型湿地信息提取

由于干旱区农牧交错地带湿地面积小且地类混杂,混合像元现象严重,使得该区湿地信息的自动提取难度较大。针对湿地遥感信息提取的特点和难点,采用NDVI(normalized different vegetation index)阈值法提取水体,应用支持向量机模型(SVM)提取去除水体后的湿地信息,并以修正线性光谱混合分解模型分解的草甸分量,进一步提取高盖度、中盖度和低盖度草甸信息。试验验证结果表明:提取结果的总体精度为88%,Kappa系数为0.83。该方法可为其他光谱特征混杂地区湿地遥感信息的提取提供参考。     

Optimal Selecting Model of Uncertainty Measurement for Asphalt Pavement Structure

Scientific method was necessary for road decision maker to select high cost effect ratio pavement structure scheme. According to the fact that many uncertain knowledge and information existed in the process of evaluating the expressway asphaltpavement structure schemes, an evaluation model of pavement structure schemes based on uncertainty measurement was put forward;This method implemented ordered division of assessment space,and could recognize and rank different schemes by comprehensive measurement matrix of multiple indexes. three typical design programs of expressway asphalt pavement structure were evaluated by that model.It is shown that the assessment can objectively reflect the comprehensive performance of asphalt pavement structure ,which provides a new method and way for evaluation of pavement structure schemes.