"九州意蜂"品系选育及生产性能试验的研究

以安徽本地意蜂为育种素材,通过系统选育与定向选育,采用闭锁集团繁育与蜜蜂人工授精技术,选育出九州意蜂品种配套系,该品种配套系蜂王日有效产卵量高,春繁速度快,群势强,越夏越冬效果好,适应安徽地区生态环境和蜜粉源条件,具有蜂蜜高产、蜂王浆高产、蜂蜜和蜂王浆双高产的生产性能。其“中九州1号”(Eg1)属于蜂蜜高产型优良蜂种,同一花期蜂蜜产量明显高于本地意蜂(E(a)P﹤0.01),“九州2号”(Eg2)属于王浆高产型优良蜂种,同一花期王浆产量明显高于本地意蜂(E(a)P﹤0.01),10-HDA含量最高达2.14;水分、蛋白质、酸度基本接近,“九州3号”(Eg3)属于蜂蜜、王浆双高产型优良蜂种,同一花期蜂蜜、王浆产量均明显高于本地意蜂(E(a)P﹤0.01),适应于现代养蜂生产。     

内蒙古阴山北麓干旱区不同种植模式对农田风蚀的影响

通过野外观测和室内试验，研究阴山北麓干旱区不同的种植模式对农田风蚀的影响，结果表明：（1）研究区具有发生风硅危害的潜在气候条件；（2）土壤不合理的翻耕是造成农田风蚀的重要因素，通过实行保护性的留茬免耕措施，可以有效抑制农田土壤风蚀。（3）不同作物种植条件下，条播作物农田风蚀量小于穴播作物。为了有效防治农田土壤风蚀，对作物进行高留茬处理和通过各种措施增加地表粗糙度，可以达到最大的防风蚀作用。（4）农事操作增大了土壤风蚀的潜在危险。     

旱地苜蓿全膜覆盖精量播种机的设计与试验

针对西北地区干旱、风沙大、苜蓿播种存在种子发芽率低、播量调节困难等问题,研制了一款旱地苜蓿全膜覆盖精量播种机,介绍了该机的工作原理、主要工作部件的结构特点,利用Solidworks对平土板进行强度校核,并进行了田间播种性能试验.结果表明:平土板以最小安全系数大于1.29的5mm厚钢板最经济可靠;土壤类型、播种深度、机具速度是影响播种机作业质量的重要因素,播种机以4km/h速度在砂土里作业,播深20mm时,作业效果最好,空穴率为2.9%,膜下播深合格率为92%,穴粒数合格率为90.8%.     

Responses of water productivity to irrigation and N supply for hybrid maize seed production in an arid region of Northwest China

Water and nitrogen(N) are generally two of the most important factors in determining the crop productivity. Proper water and N managements are prerequisites for agriculture sustainable development in arid areas. Field experiments were conducted to study the responses of water productivity for crop yield(WP_(Y-ET)) and final biomass(WP_(B-ET)) of film-mulched hybrid maize seed production to different irrigation and N treatments in the Hexi Corridor, Northwest China during April to September in 2013 and also during April to September in 2014. Three irrigation levels(70%–65%, 60%–55%, and 50%–45% of the field capacity) combined with three N rates(500, 400, and 300 kg N/hm~2) were tested in 2013. The N treatments were adjusted to 500, 300, and 100 kg N/hm~2 in 2014. Results showed that the responses of WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) to different irrigation amounts were different. WP_(Y-ET) was significantly reduced by lowering irrigation amounts while WP_(B-ET) stayed relatively insensitive to irrigation amounts. However, WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) behaved consistently when subjected to different N treatments. There was a slight effect of reducing N input from 500 to 300 kg/hm~2 on the WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET), however, when reducing N input to 100 kg/hm~2, the values of WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) were significantly reduced. Water is the primary factor and N is the secondary factor in determining both yield(Y) and final biomass(B). Partial factor productivity from applied N(PFP_N) was the maximum under the higher irrigation level and in lower N rate(100–300 kg N/hm~2) in both years(2013 and 2014). Lowering the irrigation amount significantly reduced evapotranspiration(ET), but ET did not vary with different N rates(100–500 kg N/hm~2). Both Y and B had robust linear relationships with ET, but the correlation between B and ET(R~2=0.8588) was much better than that between Y and ET(R~2=0.6062). When ET increased, WP_(Y-ET) linearly increased and WP_(B-ET) decreased. Taking the indices of Y, B, WP_(Y-ET), WP_(B-ET) and PFP_N into account, a higher irrigation level(70%–65% of the field capacity) and a lower N rate(100–300 kg N/hm~2) are recommended to be a proper irrigation and N application strategy for plastic film-mulched hybrid maize seed production in arid Northwest China.     

新疆干旱半干旱农田应用0.2%莪术醇饵剂防治害鼠的效果

为了解0.2%莪术醇饵剂在新疆干旱半干旱农田应用的可行性,2022年4月至7月, 在新疆博州温泉县进行了该药防治害鼠试验。施药在3个试验点(即3个重复)进行, 在害鼠繁殖高峰期前施药, 投放药饵后30、60 d和90 d调查防控效果。结果显示:3个试验区域的结果趋势相似, 校正灭效基本维持在50%以上。与空白对照区相比, 优势鼠种灰仓鼠与根田鼠试验投饵区的雌鼠怀孕率明显下降, 小家鼠、灰仓鼠平均胎仔数明显降低, 小家鼠、灰仓鼠和根田鼠施药区域的鼠类个体的亚成体比例与对照区域明显下降, 说明该药剂对当地害鼠的繁殖具有明显的控制作用, 可达到控制害鼠数量的目的, 适口性也较好, 可以在当地推广应用。     

Community structure and carbon and nitrogen storage of sagebrush desert under grazing exclusion in Northwest China

Overgrazing is regarded as one of the key factors of vegetation and soil degradation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.Grazing exclusion(GE)is one of the most common pathways used to restore degraded grasslands and to improve their ecosystem services.Nevertheless,there are still significant controversies concerning GE’s effects on grassland diversity as well as carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)storage.It remains poorly understood in the arid desert regions,whilst being essential for the sustainable use of grassland resources.To assess the effects of GE on community characteristics and C and N storage of desert plant community in the arid desert regions,we investigated the community structure and plant biomass,as well as C and N storage of plants and soil(0-100 cm depth)in short-term GE(three years)plots and adjacent long-term freely grazing(FG)plots in the areas of sagebrush desert in Northwest China,which are important both for spring-autumn seasonal pasture and for ecological conservation.Our findings indicated that GE was beneficial to the average height,coverage and aboveground biomass(including stems,leaves and inflorescences,and litter)of desert plant community,to the species richness and importance values of subshrubs and perennial herbs,and to the biomass C and N storage of aboveground parts(P<0.05).However,GE was not beneficial to the importance values of annual herbs,root/shoot ratio and total N concentration in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers(P<0.05).Additionally,the plant density,belowground biomass,and soil organic C concentration and C storage in the 0-100 cm soil layer could not be significantly changed by short-term GE(three years).The results suggest that,although GE was not beneficial for C sequestration in the sagebrush desert ecosystem,it is an effective strategy for improving productivity,diversity,and C and N storage of plants.As a result,GE can be used to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in the arid desert regions of Northwest China.     

Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.     

干旱半干旱地区植被生态用水计算

干旱半干旱地区是生态环境比较脆弱的地区 ,特别是人类不合理开发 ,使生态环境受到严重威胁。为了挽救中国西部干旱半干旱地区已遭破坏的生态环境 ,我国政府提出了“退耕还林”的号召。针对干旱半干旱地区 ,植被生态系统实际用水量以及达到某一目标要求的生态用水量如何计算或合理确定 ,对流域规划、生态建设以及水资源合理配置都有重要意义。先从生态系统的一般意义上来介绍生态用水的概念 ,进而介绍植被生态用水的计算方法 ,并针对“退耕还林”和“植被生态改善与恢复”情况下的生态用水计算问题进行专门介绍。     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

旱生条件下柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌生态学研究

通过从分布于山西、陕西和内蒙古三省区12个样地中的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)根围采集土样和根样,系统研究了柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌种类组成和生态分布.试验结果表明,在已分离鉴定出的12种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,而摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)是优势菌种. AM真菌能与柠条锦鸡儿形成良好的共生结构,AM真菌平均总定殖率59.98%,平均孢子密度为830.59个/100 g土.不同采样地之间的AM真菌种类和分布差异显著.孢子密度与菌丝和总定殖率呈显著正相关;孢子密度与土壤速效N呈极显著正相关,丛枝定殖率与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,总定殖率和菌丝定殖率与土壤pH呈极显著正相关.