Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.     

基于土壤水分下限的宁夏枸杞滴灌灌溉制度试验研究

以宁杞7号枸杞为研究对象,在宁夏同心县开展2 a田间试验.设置4个关键控水期、3个控水水平共8个处理,研究枸杞不同生育期不同水分下限条件下根区土壤含水率、叶片光合生理指标、产量与品质变化;分析其耗水规律与水分利用效率,提出基于土壤水分下限的宁夏枸杞滴灌灌溉制度.结果表明:不同水分处理枸杞根区20~60 cm土层土壤含水率最大;叶片气孔导度随土壤下限升高而增大,高水分下限处理的蒸腾速率相对较大,叶片水分利用效率则相反;生育期耗水量随土壤水分下限升高而增大,2 a增幅分别为10.8%和12.8%,平均耗水量为386.6~463.2 mm,夏果期耗水量最大且差异具有统计学意义,是关键需水期.2 a均为处理S5的产量最大分别为2 208.15和2 571.30 kg/hm²,水分利用效率最高为0.39 kg/m³;水分处理对蛋白质含量影响差异不具有统计学意义,低土壤水分下限的枸杞多糖含量相对较高;全生育期分为6个灌水期,其中萌芽期灌水(春水)为375 m³/hm²;春梢生长期、花期、夏果期、秋果期的土壤质量含水率下限分别为50%θ_f(θ_f为田间持水率),65%θ_f,65%θ_f,55%θ_f,而上限为95%θ_f;休眠期冬灌量为450 m³/hm².     

西北干旱区农业资源利用正效应因子分析--以塔里木河流域为例

以西北干旱区塔里木河流域为例,选取了9个指标,利用因子分析法针对人类对水土资源利用所产生的正效应进行了分析,结果表明,第一公因子在GDP、粮食产量、人口总数、牲畜头数、财政收入、耕地面积、农林牧等总产值和有效灌溉面积的载荷较高,说明这些指标可综合反映农业资源利用正效应之一,即人口环境经济容量;第二公因子在机电排灌面积上的载荷最高,说明机电排灌面积可反映水、土等环境容量。     

青藏高原高寒荒漠地带与寒冷干旱核心区域

青藏高原高寒荒漠地带位于高原主体西北部地势最高的部分。该区域气候极其寒冷干燥,属于高原亚寒带,高山高原地貌多被横向断陷盆地所切割;多年冻土发育,冰缘作用普遍;自然过程年青,高山寒漠土壤浅薄;生物区系成分交错,高寒荒漠景观突出;生态环境脆弱,需加大自然保护建设与管理。高寒荒漠地带腹地为寒冷干旱核心区域,是全球高原高山区域,具有独特地位的地生态格局。     

膜下滴灌棉田冻融期土壤剖面水盐热分布动态

为了深入揭示干旱区膜下滴灌棉田冻融期土壤水、盐和温度的动态变化规律,利用Hydra水盐热系统实现对冻融期宽行、窄行和膜间位置15,25和40 cm深度土壤液态水分、温度和电导率实时等间隔加密监测,分析了冻融期土壤水盐热动态变化过程.结果表明:同一位置不同深度液态水分、电导率和温度动态变化规律一致;冻融期内盐分垂向运移规律为深层土壤内的盐分向表层运移,冻融作用使盐分发生了重分布,加重了土壤40 cm深度的盐分含量,电导率增值范围为20~80 μS/cm,并且冻融前后不同位置电导率以位置排序由大到小为宽行,窄行,膜间;在冻融过程中不同位置土壤温度、液态水分和电导率两两之间存在着正相关关系(P<0.01),其相关系数大于0.74,而电导率与温度和液态水分两者也存在极强的多元一次函数关系(P<0.01),其相关系数大于0.90;冻结和融化并不是重合的过程,而是在期间会出现分叉点,分叉点出现在-1 ℃附近.研究结果对制定合理的非生育期灌溉制度具有重要参考意义.     

Variability in energy partitioning and resistance parameters for a vineyard in northwest China

Grapevines are extensively grown in the semiarid and arid regions, but little information is available on the variability of energy partitioning and resistance parameters for the vineyard. To address this question, an eddy covariance system was applied to measure energy balance over a vineyard in northwest China during 2005-2006. Result indicated that 2-year average Bowen ratio (β) of vineyard was 1.0, canopy resistance (r_c) 289.3 s m⁻¹, aerodynamic resistance (r_a) 9.7 s m⁻¹ and climatological resistance (r_i) 117 s m⁻¹. This implied that the annual energy was split almost equally between sensible heat and latent heat. Compared to the corresponding values in other ecosystems reported by Wilson et al. [Wilson, K.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Dolman, H., Falge, E., Field, C., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Halldor, T., Hollinger, D., Katul, G., Law, B.E., Lindroth, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S., 2002. Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites. Water Resource Research 38, 1294-1305.], the vineyard had a higher β, r_c and r_i than deciduous forests, corn and soybean, and grassland. Such difference was mainly attributed to (1) serious water stress in 2005, which resulted in a greater r_c up to 364.4 s m⁻¹; (2) sparse canopy with row spacing of 2.9 m and plant spacing of 1.8 m; (3) warm-dry climate and high attitude (1581 m) along with higher r_i and lower psychrometer (54 Pa K⁻¹) in the arid region of northwest China. These characters of vineyard revealed varying process of energy partitioning and surface resistance, and provided a scientific basis in understanding and modeling water and energy balance for the vineyard in the semiarid and arid regions.     

Calibration of Hargreaves–Samani equation for estimating reference evapotranspiration in semiarid and arid regions

The Penman–Monteith (FAO-56 PM) equation is suggested as the standard method for estimating evapotranspiration (ET₀) by the International Irrigation and Drainage Committee and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). On the other hand, the Hargreaves–Samani (HS) equation is an alternative method compared with the FAO-56 PM equation. In the present study, the original coefficient C of the HS equation is calibrated based on the FAO-56 PM equation for estimating the reference ET₀ from 15 meteorological stations in central Iran (about 170,000 km²) under semiarid and arid conditions. After calibration, the new values for C are ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0037. The mean bias error (MBE), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the ratio of average estimations of ET₀ (R) values for all stations are ranged from 0.12 to 5.38, ?5.35 to 1.15 mm d^?1 and 0.64 to 1.28 for the HS equation and from 0.12 to 2.48, ?2.2 to 0.60 mm d^?1, and 1.00 to 1.05 for the calibrated Hargreaves–Samani equation (CHS), respectively. Results indicate that the average RMSE and MBE values are decreased by 40% and 66%, respectively. Relationships for calibrating the C coefficient on the basis of annual average of daily temperature range (ΔT) and wind speed (V) are proposed, calibrated, and validated. Hence, the CHS equation can be used for ET₀ estimates with acceptable accuracy instead of the FAO-56 PM method.     

典型干旱荒漠绿洲区耕层土壤养分空间变异

[目的]对干旱荒漠绿洲区耕层土壤养分空间特征进行研究,为绿洲土地资源的合理开发利用,以及土壤施肥方案的科学制定提供理论依据。[方法]基于GIS与地统计学方法对新疆维吾尔自治区精河县耕层土壤养分空间变异特征及影响因素进行分析。[结果](1)研究区内有效磷的空间变异性较强(变异系数Cv为67.45%),速效钾的空间变异性最弱(Cv为40.76%)。(2)有机质、碱解氮和有效磷存在较强的空间自相关性,其空间变异主要由地形、土壤质地和土壤类型等结构性因素所引起;速效钾为中等程度的空间自相关性,其空间变异不仅受结构性因素的影响,还与随机因素(即施肥和种植结构)有关。(3)各土壤养分元素在绿洲内部具有较高含量的片状和斑块状分布,而在绿洲外缘,其含量相对较低,且呈大面积的片状分布。[结论]精河县耕层土壤养分总体呈现出有机肥含量缺乏,磷钾肥相对丰富的特点。     

自压喷灌技术在高寒干旱区草地植被恢复的应用浅析

针对高海拔、寒冷和干旱等恶劣气候环境地区草地植被恢复的瓶颈问题,结合可持续发展战略内涵,该研究系统地介绍了高寒干旱区草地自压喷灌技术,采用创新设计,设置围栏、围栏+喷灌、未围栏3个处理的初级生产效益对比分析试验。结果显示,围栏封育+自压喷灌样地植物平均高度比未围栏样地增加了155.77%,比仅围栏样地增加了76.71%;群落盖度比未围栏样地增加了152.69%,比仅围栏样地增加了35.96%;群落生产力比未围栏样地增加了110.00%,比仅围栏样地增加了24.10%。结果表明,自压喷灌技术在水源和地形条件具备的高寒干旱草地恢复中具备一定的示范和推广潜力,为西藏地区因地制宜,科学合理地利用水资源,为该区草地生态畜牧业的可持续发展提供了一条新思路。     

陇东黄土高原土壤干旱特征分析

通过对黄土高原典型残塬"董志塬"麦田不同时期土壤各层次水分含量的分析,揭示了陇东黄土高原塬区土壤干旱特征,逐月分析了干旱的季节分布以及不同季节水分在土壤各层次的分布特征。分析认为2m土层干旱概率明显高于0.5m土层,但0.5m土层重旱出现概率明显偏高,各层次干旱出现频率均未超过45%。干旱的季节分布特征表现为:3月～6月土壤水分持续减少,干旱持续发展,6月上中旬是陇东麦田最干旱的时期。小麦收获后,7月分土壤水分开始回升,7月～9月为土壤水分恢复平衡阶段,10月为土壤水分恢复平衡后相对稳定阶段。收墒期降水可以使2m土层土壤水分基本恢复到适宜状态,土壤储水主要分布在2m土层,即2m为土壤水库下限深度。8月开始,麦田中下层土壤水分运动方向发生逆转,由前期的向上运动转变为向下运动。麦田涝渍现象出现在秋季,主要出现在土壤中下层。早春和晚秋麦田重旱发生概率较低,秋季是陇东麦田土壤水分含量最高的时期,晚秋2m土层平均含水量超过早春,土壤水分于秋季恢复平衡,晚秋-早春,即越冬期降水量小于土壤蒸散量,土壤水分有一定损耗。