干旱荒漠区银白杨树干液流动态

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于2012年7月1日至7月25日,在克拉玛依地区农业开发区对银白杨(Populus alba L.×P.talassica)人工林树干液流速率进行了连续测定,并对气象、土壤水分等指标进行了同步测定。结果表明:7月份的晴天银白杨树干液流速率日变化呈单峰型,阴天呈多峰型,在测量时期液流速率日平均值为0.6059 L/h;银白杨树干单位边材面积的液流速率与太阳总辐射、大气温度、水汽压差呈极显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系。其相关系数绝对值顺序为太阳总辐射>大气温度>水汽压差>相对湿度>风速;银白杨边材面积与胸径之间存在着显著的线性相关关系,相关系数为0.834,单位边材面积的液流速率随树干胸径的增大而减小。     

干旱沙区农田防护林营建模式与经营评价研究

通过对干旱沙区人工绿洲农田防护林林木生长量的调查测定和样本树干解析数据,揭示了林木生长规律,建立了树干材积模型,为农田防护林合理更新提出了科学依据。利用相关依据指标,对现有农田防护林的营建模式进行了评价,提出了新的更新模式。     

喷灌技术在干旱风沙区的应用研究

喷灌在灌溉技术中具有独特的优势而得到广泛的应用,但因其受风的影响大、蒸发损失多,在风沙区的应用受到了极大的制约。通过对风沙区蒸发和风速分布规律的分析以及风沙区喷灌灌溉试验和喷灌在大田中应用的案例调查,给出了喷灌灌溉水利用效率与风速之间的关系,指出只要很好的利用风沙区蒸发和风速分布规律,避开高蒸发时段和高风速时区,在风沙区进行喷灌仍可获得较高的灌溉水利用效率和灌水均匀度,喷灌在风沙区仍有广阔的应用是前景。     

玉米地膜复合覆盖栽培技术

地膜覆盖栽培是有效保持寒旱区土壤水热条件、促进作物生产的措施之一。为解决长期覆盖普通地膜造成的土壤地膜残留污染及生物降解地膜破裂,且成本高的问题,通过多年试验研究,从地膜选择、肥料配比、绿色地膜复合覆盖技术、田间管理、地膜回收、秸秆与生物降解地膜还田等方面总结了寒旱区玉米普通地膜与生物降解膜覆盖栽培技术。     

极端干旱区垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长及水分利用效率的影响

灌溉方式对根系湿润方式的不同会影响作物生长及其对水分的利用效率。以常规滴灌方式为对照,通过田间试验研究了垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长和水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:葡萄生育关键期灌水前后垂直线源灌方式根层土壤平均含水率可达到田间持水率的75.1%和82.8%,常规滴灌方式为田间持水率的60%和72%;垂直线源灌条件下净光合速率,蒸腾速率,气孔导度均较常规滴灌高,净光合速率均经历了气孔限制和非气孔限制,其中由水分胁迫引起的非气孔限制,垂直线源灌晚于常规滴灌出现,且表现不明显;垂直线源灌方式在地上生物量生长方面略好于常规滴灌方式,但两者未表现出明显差异;垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式在产量上提高了1.2%;叶片水平上的水分利用效率,垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式提高了57.4%。     

大田滴灌条件下葡萄生育期土壤水盐的平均分布特征

【目的】研究滴灌条件下土壤水盐的分布特征,为土壤水盐的调控提供参考。【方法】以新疆干旱区葡萄为例,对葡萄生育期土壤水盐含量进行测定,分析其生育期土壤水盐分布特性。【结果】葡萄生育期内,在垂直方向上覆膜处理土壤含水量的最大值出现在距滴头30 cm处,土壤含水量从30 cm处向两边递减;在水平方向距滴头30~60 cm处土壤含盐量最大,土壤盐分质量浓度与土壤含盐量具有相似的变化规律。灌水周期为7.5 d时,红提葡萄生育期内各处土壤均处于干旱状态。【结论】在综合调控土壤水盐分布特征时,必须考虑滴灌技术参数对土壤水盐分布的影响。     

极端干旱区大气边界层厚度时间演变及其与地表能量平衡的关系

主要采用ECMWF的地表和大气产品分析了中国西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度与地表能量通量的时间变化特征,同时,结合探空加强观测分析了大气边界层演变的可能因素.得出:西北极端干旱区大气边界层厚度呈现出季节性的年际和年代际变化,夏季大气边界层厚度呈下降趋势,春、秋季节呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,冬季以阶段性降低趋势为主,20世纪80年代是大气边界层厚度的转折时期；感热通量是极端干旱区大气边界层发展的主要热力因素；由于夏季净辐射量、地气温差、粗糙度以及风速等因子随时间演变而呈降低趋势,潜热通量呈增加趋势,导致了边界层高度形成的热力作用减弱,边界层厚度降低；同时,粗糙度和风速也是大气边界层发展的主要动力因素,由于边界层粗糙度和风速降低,促使垂直风切变减小,湍流动力作用减弱,也会导致边界层厚度降低.     

川西干旱河谷林草植被建设科学考察报告

阐述了川西干旱河谷现有治理状况 ,存在问题 ,提出了治理该区的措施和发展农业经济的建议。     

The Vertical Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Its Restoration Implication in an Active Sand Dune of Northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Although the functions and characteristics of soil seed banks in topsoil layers have been described for various ecosystems, the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed bank in deep soil and its ecological implications for vegetation restoration of active sand dune have not been fully explored. In 2007 and 2008, seed densities with regard to dune position, soil depth and season were investigated on an active and a stabilized sand dune of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Seeds in the 0–10 cm topsoil layer accounted for 60% of total soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while more than 40% of seeds were stored in the 50–100 cm layers on the active sand dune. Seed density declined significantly with soil depth on the stabilized sand dune, but it was relatively constant across the 0–100 cm soil profile on the active sand dune. Seed density fluctuated with soil depth on the active sand dune suggesting that seeds were either relocated upward or downward over time. Seeds of annual non‐psammophytic species accounted for the majority of soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while pioneer psammophytes contributed more to the soil seed bank of the active sand dune. Our data suggest that seeds in the deep soil layers of active sand dunes account for a large proportion of the whole soil seed bank. Because of the effect of wind erosion, seeds in deep soil could be gradually exposed to shallow soil layers and potentially contribute to population recruitment and vegetation restoration on active sand dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Durum wheat landraces from Syria

Syrian durum wheat landraces from diverse collection sites were evaluated for agronomic performance under arid conditions over two seasons at four locations, at two levels of nutrient availability.Grain yield differed considerably among locations. Within locations, significant population and fertilizer effects were demonstrated. In most cases, maximum yield was achieved by landraces, which demonstrates the breeding value of local germplasm. In a particular environment, the population effect was nonsignificant for total dry matter production, but significant for straw and grain yield. Nitrogen application was ineffective if moisture availability was the dominant growth limiting factor.Correlations between plant characteristics at evaluation and collection site characteristics were limited, and therefore, their utilization in germplasm evaluation appear limited. The negative relation between grain yield and soil nitrogen content at the collection site may be caused by the comparative disadvantage that germplasm from regions with favourable growing conditions has under low-yielding conditions.Particular environmental conditions at the collection site were no indicator for the response to changed growing conditions. Relatively high grain yields under good and adverse growing conditions excluded each other in all but two cases. Also, it was difficult to relate grain yield to regions of collection, as the response of individual landraces from a certain region to changing growing conditions differed strongly. Differentiation on the basis of landrace groups appears more promising. The Hauran landrace group provided the largest number of populations with relatively high grain yields over diverse environments.