Foliar Application of Glycinebetaine and Salicylic Acid Improves Growth,Yield and Water Productivity of Hybrid Sunflower Planted by Different Sowing Methods

Improved planting methods and foliar application of glycinebetaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) can improve the water productivity in field crops under limited water supply conditions. A 2‐year field study was conducted to evaluate the possible role of different planting methods and foliar applications of GB and SA in improving the yield, quality and water productivity of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The crop was planted by flat sowing (75 cm spaced rows) and ridge sowing (75 cm spaced ridges), with GB and SA applied exogenously at 100 and 0.724 mm , respectively, at both budding and flowering stages, while control plots received distilled water. Ridge sowing, rather than flat sowing, improved the biological yield, oil yield, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), plant height, water‐use efficiency and final achene yield during both the years. Foliar applications of GB and SA at both the stages improved the achene yield, although foliar application of GB at flowering was the most effective. Neither the planting methods nor the foliar application of GB and SA altered the achene oil contents during both the years. Foliar application of GB and SA increased the free proline content of the leaf and GB contents at flowering but reduced the achene protein contents, whereas planting method had no effect on these attributes across the years. Of the foliar applied chemicals, GB was more effective in improving sunflower growth and yield and water productivity than SA. To conclude, ridge sowing coupled with foliar application of GB at flowering stage could be beneficial for achieving maximum yields of hybrid sunflower under relatively water limited conditions in the field.     

我国水果防腐保鲜剂的使用及其检测方法

水果是我国最主要的植物源鲜活农产品之一,防腐保鲜和防腐保鲜剂对我国水果的生产、贮藏、运输与销售作用重大,是我国实现水果季节性生产和长期性供应的关键。本文从水果贮运中使用的主要防腐保鲜剂、我国允许使用的水果防腐保鲜剂、我国水果防腐保鲜剂最大残留限量以及水果防腐保鲜剂残留测定方法等4个方面,对我国水果防腐保鲜剂的使用与检测方法进行了综述,并指出水果防腐保鲜剂的合理使用和有效监管是保护消费者人体健康的关键。     

不同采伐、集材方式对林地土壤理化性质影响的研究

选择５种不同集材方式的皆伐作业与采伐强度为３０％的择伐作业,进行土壤理化性质指标变化程度的比较。在考虑各种作业的集材量和集材道面积的情况下,经主成分分析得出不同采伐、集材方式对林地土壤理化性质的干扰程度。认为,以皆伐作业手扶拖拉机集材为最大,其次为皆伐作业土滑道集材,其余依次为皆伐作业半悬索道集材,皆伐作业手拉板车集材,皆伐作业全悬索道集材,最低为择伐作业人力集材。     

不同提取方法对秦艽中龙胆苦苷提取率的影响

[目的]建立RP-HPLC法研究不同提取方法对秦艽中龙胆苦苷提取率的影响,为秦艽药材的合理开发利用提供理论依据。[方法]采用C18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,以甲醇：0．3％H3PO4=30：70（V/V）为流动相,流速：1．0ml／min,柱温：30℃,检测波长：270nm。[结果]龙胆苦苷在0．9—2．1μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0．9991,平均回收率为97．6％,RSD值为1．02％。[结论]动态热回流提取法的提取效率最高。     

兴安落叶松林土壤微生物生物量季节动态及影响因素

应用氯仿熏蒸浸提法测定了大兴安岭塔河地区兴安落叶松林(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)土壤微生物生物量碳(Cm)和微生物量氮(Nm)的季节动态变化,并研究了其与土壤养分因子和土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:兴安落叶松林的Cm的变化范围为70.02～1 065.38 mg.kg-1,其Nm的变化范围依次为:15.63～75.18 mg.kg-1。Cm和Nm基本于5—6月呈上升趋势、6—8月呈下降趋势,9月又达到一个最大值,之后开始下降,其中出现1～2个峰值的季节变化格局。Pearson相关分析表明,Cm与Nm呈显著相关(P<0.05),Cm与土壤温度(TS)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),Cm与土壤有机碳(CS,O)和土壤全氮(NT)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。Nm与土壤有机碳(CS,O)和土壤全氮(NT)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

Psychophysics and the Sensory Assessment of Fish

Procedures for sensory evaluation of fish often give the appearance of being empirical, that is, having been developed from practice without any contribution of underlying theory. The fundamental principles of sensory evaluation lie in psychophysics, a branch of psychology. Some textbooks of sensory evaluation have sections on psychophysics, but they are based on what might be called classical psychophysics which is summarized by the Weber/Fechner laws. Contemporary psychophysics has theories and practices which have wider applications in sensory evaluation of foods than classical psychophysics and can be applied to the advantage in the sensory analysis of fish. Three examples from the author's own experience will be presented in this discussion paper: use of the Theory of Signal Detection in evaluating taints; use of similarity ranking methods and multidimensional scaling for grouping fish by sensory properties; and application of current ideas of scaling to the measurement of freshness.     

不同灌溉方式对水稻需水量和生长的影响

利用桶栽试验,研究了在不同灌溉方式及不同蒸发渗漏处理下的水稻需水量和对水稻生长的影响。结果表明:水稻以拔节孕穗期需水强度最高,无水层、干干湿湿和70%水分处理需水量分别比有水层处理减少42.5%、51.3%和57.6%;水稻叶面蒸腾量、棵间蒸发量与田间渗漏量占总耗水量的百分比分别为60.1%、16.4%和23.5%;干干湿湿处理水分利用率达到1.6 kg/m3,叶片光合速率最大,收获指数最高,从节水和增效的角度看,以干干湿湿灌溉最佳。     

水土保持生态服务功能评价方法

 由于生态系统服务功能支撑与维持着地球生命系统的平衡与稳定,因此它已受到当今世界普遍关注。在我国水土流失严重的情况下,运用生态服务功能理论可以正确评价水土保持措施的作用,并为合理的生态建设规划提供依据。本文在总结Costanza等人理论的基础上,分析水土保持各项措施对保护和改良人类赖以生存的自然环境条件的综合效用。认为水土保持生态服务功能包括保护和涵养水源、保护和改良土壤、固碳释氧、净化空气和防风固沙等功能。另外,本文从水土保持工程措施、水土保持农业措施和水土保持林草措施3个方向为上述功能筛选了10个评价指标,且为各个指标分别建立了评价方法。这些指标及方法将有助于对水土保持措施的生态环境效应进行深入的分析与评价。     

猪尿液中抗菌药物快速筛选拭子法的建立

为防止抗菌药物在动物性食品中的残留,以枯草芽孢杆菌为受试菌,建立一种检测活体动物尿液中抗菌药物残留的快速筛选拭子法,进行宰前活体检疫.添加试验测定猪尿液中5类抗菌药物最低检测限分别为:β-内酰胺类青霉素和氨苄青霉素均为0.05mg/L;氨基糖苷类庆大霉素0.05mg/L、新霉素0.4mg/L;四环素类金霉素0.1mg/L;大环内酯类红霉素0.05mg/L和氟喹诺酮类恩诺沙星0.2mg/L.各抗菌药物添加回收率范围均在64.0%～107.7%,变异系数均小于15%.假阴性结果显示,除青霉素(5%)和氨苄青霉素(4%)出现假阴性外,红霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素、恩诺沙星和金霉素均未出现假阴性.与国外同类试剂盒比较,结果显示两者对10种抗菌药物的检测限一致.     

列当杂草及其防除措施展望

根寄生杂草列当Orobanche spp.每株可产生大量细小的种子,易于传播,且在出苗前已经对寄主作物造成危害,使列当的防除成为一个世界性难题。本文详述了列当的生活史、为害现状以及防除措施,并突出了生物防除的生态效益与经济效益。基于＂诱捕＂作物及＂捕获＂作物诱导列当种子＂自杀发芽＂理论的防除机制,本文提出了新型可持续生态防除思想,为列当科杂草防除提供参考。