黄瓜褐斑病防治药剂的离体活性筛选

离体条件下针对黄瓜褐斑病菌对19种杀菌剂进行了活性筛选。结果表明,不同杀菌剂对褐斑病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制作用不同。对褐斑病菌菌丝生长具有强烈抑制作用的杀菌剂为苯醚甲环唑、咪鲜胺、代森锰锌及嘧霉胺,其EC50分别4.21、4.67、5.59 μg/mL及4.11 μg/mL。甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂及防治卵菌病害的药剂对褐斑病菌菌丝生长几乎没有影响。烯肟菌酯、福美双、代森锰锌、烯酰吗啉、百菌清和多菌灵对褐斑病菌孢子萌发具有强烈抑制作用,其EC50分别为3.34、6.62、0.28、3.54、0.53 μg/mL及0.26 μg/mL。50 μg/mL的嘧霉胺虽对孢子萌发抑制作用较小,但10 μg/mL时即可导致萌发的芽管出现明显卷曲、畸形。     

博落回中季铵类苯并啡啶类生物碱的提取及其硫酸氢盐的抗菌活性和急性毒性

采用酸提碱沉的方法,从博落回中提取并制备了苯并啡啶类生物碱(QBAs)——血根碱(sanguinarine)和白屈菜红碱(chelerythrine)的硫酸氢盐;采用高效液相色谱法测定了2种生物碱的含量;初步测定了其硫酸氢盐对几种常见病原菌的抗菌活性,并对其急性毒性进行了研究。结果表明:所制备的QBAs硫酸氢盐中血根碱和白屈菜红碱的质量分数均在60%以上。生物测定结果表明,该生物碱的硫酸氢盐对葡萄叶斑病菌Cercospora viticola、葡萄黑豆病菌Elsinoe ampelina、葡萄炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides、葡萄褐斑病菌Cercospora viticola、稻瘟病菌Pvricularia oryzae、小麦赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae和辣椒疫霉Phytophythora capsici均具有较强的抑制作用,EC50值在3.35～10.08 μg/mL之间。其急性毒性属低毒,对皮肤有弱致敏性,但对眼睛有重度刺激性。博落回中QBAs硫酸氢盐制备方法稳定,具有较强的抗菌活性,可考虑开发成低毒、环境友好型植物源杀菌剂。     

吩嗪类化合物对梨火疫病菌的抗菌活性研究

由解淀粉欧文氏菌Erwinia amylovora引起的梨火疫病是危害梨、苹果等蔷薇科果树的一种重要细菌病害,在世界范围内造成严重损失,是果树上重要的防控对象。药剂防治是控制梨火疫病传播蔓延的一种重要手段。吩嗪类化合物是绿针假单胞菌Pseudomonas chlororaphis和抗生素溶杆菌Lysobacter antibioticus等生防细菌产生的抗菌活性物质,在农药、医药等领域有广阔的应用前景。为明确吩嗪类化合物对梨火疫病菌的抗菌活性,本研究通过测定含不同浓度药剂的菌悬液OD₆₀₀的方法,评价了本课题组分离的5个吩嗪类化合物以及常见的抗细菌药剂对梨火疫病菌的室内抗菌活性。结果表明,堆囊粘菌素(myxin)和吩嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)活性较好,EC₅₀分别为7.20μg/mL和46.41μg/mL。中生菌素、噻霉酮、春雷霉素等药剂EC₅₀为7.21～50.74μg/mL。进一步对活性较好的药剂进行了复配筛选,结果显示,吩嗪-1-羧酸∶中生菌素=9∶1复配组合的EC₅₀为27.15μg/mL,增效...     

黑松针叶提取物抗霉菌活性的研究

采用滤纸片法,检测不同质量浓度的针叶提取物对霉菌的抑制圈大小,以研究黑松针叶提取物的抗霉菌活性。结果表明:黑松针叶提取物具有抗霉菌活性,但抑制效果与其质量浓度不成正比;3种提取物中,乙醇提取物的抗霉菌效果最显著,丙酮和水提取物的抗霉菌效果次之。其对黑曲霉、青霉、根霉起最佳抑制效果的质量浓度分别为6.25、25.01、2.5 g/L,其抑菌圈直径分别为14.8、16.61、2.6 mm。     

SA浸种对NaCl胁迫下西葫芦种子α-淀粉酶活性的影响

研究盐胁迫下不同SA浸种条件对西葫芦种子α-淀粉酶活性的影响。研究盐胁迫下不同浓度、温度、时间的SA浸种,并利用响应面软件对浸种条件优化,分析对α-淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明：浸种温度对α-淀粉酶活性的影响最强,浸种时间对α-淀粉酶活性的影响最弱。单因素实验的分析中种子萌发最适的SA浓度为1.0 mmol/L,浸种的温度为30℃,浸种的时间为18 h。响应面法优化α-淀粉酶活性最大时的参数是：浸种SA浓度1.09 mmol/L,浸种温度28.26℃,浸种时间18.94 h,在此条件下,α-淀粉酶活性的理论值为0.264455 mg/(g·FW·min),与理论值的贴近度为97.98%。在最优浸种条件下α-淀粉酶活性最高,表明在此浸种条件盐胁迫下的西葫芦种子萌发力最好。     

Sucrose metabolism in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibre under low temperature during fibre development

The effects of low temperature on sucrose content and activities of key enzymes related to sucrose metabolism in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibre were investigated. Two cotton cultivars, Kemian 1 and Sumian 15, were grown in the field at two sowing dates in 2006 and three sowing dates in 2007, the differences of environmental conditions during fibre development period (from flowering date to boll opening date) for different sowing dates were primarily on temperature. Low temperatures (MDTmin of 21.1, 20.5 and 18.1 °C) in late sowing dates (25 May/10 June) prolonged the fibre development period, and had significant effect on cellulose synthesis and sucrose metabolism. Results showed that, under low temperature, sucrose content was increased, cellulose content and sucrose transformation rate were decreased, and the variability of cellulose content and sucrose transformation rate through sowing dates in Sumian 15 was more than that in Kemian 1. The measurable activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and acid/alkaline invertases in sucrose metabolism were affected by low temperatures. Under low temperatures, activities of SuSy and invertase in sucrose degradation were increased, and two cultivars had the similar change. In contrast, the activity of SPS in sucrose synthesis was lower than the activity in developing fibre at normal environmental condition, and the time to peak activity was delayed, SPS activity in response to temperatures differed between two cultivars. The results indicated that restrained cellulose synthesis and sucrose metabolism under low temperature were mainly attributed to the changed activities of enzymes (SPS, SuSy and invertase), and the difference of cellulose synthesis and sucrose metabolism in response to temperature in fibre cells for two cotton cultivars was mainly determined by the level of SPS activity.     

微生物酶及其在植物病害生物防治中的作用

介绍了生防菌产生的细胞壁降解酶,如几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶及其生防作用机制,不同细胞壁降解酶之间以及与抗生素等次生代谢产物之间的协同抑菌作用,以及细胞壁降解酶在植物病害生防中的潜在应用。     

Suitability of soil microbial parameters as indicators of heavy metal pollution

Several microbial parameters (microbial biomass, respiration, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, sulphatase, glucosidase, protease and urease activities) were measured in soils from five sites located in urban green areas close to roads differing in traffic density. Our aims were to evaluate the suitability of such parameters as field biomarkers of stress induced by heavy metal pollution, and to compare results obtained by single microbial parameters with results given by an index expressing the average microbial (AME) response of the microbial community. Data showed that all parameters were significantly reduced in the sites characterized by the highest load of metals in soil. Dehydrogenase, sulphatase, glucosidase activities and respiration, declined exponentially with increasing metal concentration, whereas phosphatase activity and AME decreased following a sigmoidal type relationship. In contrast, protease, urease and microbial biomass were not significantly correlated with soil metal concentration. Microbial parameters differed both in sensitivity to critical metal concentrations and in the rate of decline at increasing metal loads in soil. Due to the complex interplay of chemical, physical and biological factors which influence microbial activities and biomass, the proposed index (AME) appeared more suitable than single microbial parameters for a biomonitoring study of this type.     

氧化沉降条件下草甘膦对福寿螺的急性毒性效应

【目的】探究草甘膦与H₂O₂复合污染条件下草甘膦对福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata的急性毒性效应。【方法】采用静水式生物测试法,采集田间生长均匀一致的成年福寿螺,使其暴露于不同浓度草甘膦和近似广州地区降水H₂O₂浓度(50μmol·L^-1)的水体中。研究氧化沉降条件下草甘膦对福寿螺生境的水质部分指标和急性毒性效应的影响。【结果】水体水质指标中,氧化还原电位（Oxidation-reduction potential,ORP）随暴露时间增加而上升,由330 mV上升至540 mV左右;pH随暴露时间增加,不同处理有上升也有下降的趋势,最终都维持在7.0～8.5;溶解氧（Dissolved oxygen,DO）在8.5～16.0 mg·L^-1之间,无固定变化规律;这3个指标都维持在福寿螺生长能适应的范围内。急性毒性试验表明,草甘膦对福寿螺为低毒,在有或无H₂O₂添加时其48 h的半致死浓度(LC     

高絮凝活性菌株的筛选及其絮凝特性研究(英文)

[目的]筛选一株高絮凝活性菌株并探究其絮凝特性。[方法]从活性污泥中筛选出一株絮凝剂产生菌,并进行鉴定。对该菌株所产絮凝剂进行提取纯化,并研究其理化性质和絮凝特性。[结果]该菌株被鉴定为沙雷氏菌属(Serratiaplumuthica)。该菌在一定的培养条件下达到最高絮凝活性仅需10h,这有可能大大降低其生产成本。红外分析结果,该菌所产絮凝剂是一种酸性多糖。当微生物絮凝剂用量为0.7mg/L,pH为2-7,温度30-80℃时,均具有很高的絮凝活性。[结论]该菌株所产絮凝剂和其他研究的菌株相比,具有用量少和比较宽泛的pH、温度使用范围的特点。该菌株所产絮凝剂能大大提高活性污泥的沉降能力。