铝诱导蚕豆气孔保卫细胞凋亡研究

植物叶表面的气孔保卫细胞是研究信号转导的模式实验系统,对环境变化反应灵敏而准确,采用蚕豆叶面气孔保卫细胞,研究了铝（AlCl3）对细胞的毒性效应。结果表明,在1～10 mmol.L^-1范围内,AlCl3可使气孔保卫细胞活性降低,部分细胞死亡,且随着浓度的增高细胞死亡率增高;死细胞呈现核固缩、核降解、凋亡小体等典型凋亡特征。凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB或TLCK与AlCl3共同作用时,保卫细胞死亡率显著降低;一定浓度的抗坏血酸（AsA）或过氧化氢酶（CAT）以及Ca2＋螯合剂乙二醇四乙酸酯（EGTA）或Ca2＋通道抑制剂LaCl3与AlCl3共同作用时,细胞死亡率降低。研究结果表明,铝诱导的蚕豆保卫细胞死亡可能是一种细胞凋亡过程,由胁迫诱发的活性氧介导,通过激活质膜钙通道,引起胞内Ca2＋水平改变,进而介导细胞凋亡。     

氟对水稻生长及铝?氟交互对水稻吸氟规律的影响研究

通过盆栽试验研究水稻对氟的吸收规律及硫酸铝存在对水稻吸氟量的影响。结果表明: 单施氟处理下, 施氟量与水稻植株含氟量间存在极显著正相关关系, 说明水稻对氟存在奢侈吸收。随着水稻的生长, 其对氟的吸收达到平衡, 吸氟量逐渐减少, 植株体内氟含量呈下降趋势。各施氟水平下, 水稻植株的生长无明显差异, 但分蘖数却随施氟量的增加呈极显著降低趋势。铝?氟交互条件下, 水稻植株各部位的含氟量顺序为稻壳>米>根>茎叶, 这可能与植物的吸氟部位和氟的吸收形态有关。植株体内氟含量随生长时间的延长也呈下降趋势, 施硫酸铝处理会在此基础上进一步降低水稻植株各部位的含氟量, 但同一处理在不同时间取样, 降氟效果有较大差别。氟、铝处于何种比例和作用时间才能达到理想的降氟效果还有待于进一步研究。     

Aluminum toxicity of synthetic aluminum–humus complexes derived from non-allophanic and allophanic Andosols and its amelioration with allophanic materials

Natural non-allophanic Andosols often show aluminum (Al) toxicity to Al-sensitive plant roots. The significance of Al–humus complexes to Al toxicity has been emphasized. Allophanic Andosols also possess Al–humus complexes, but they rarely show any toxicity. In the present study, using model substances, we tested the toxicity of Al–humus complexes and its amelioration with allophanic materials. We extracted humic substances from the A horizons of a non-allophanic Andosol and an allophanic Andosol using a NaOH solution, and reacted the humic substances and partially neutralized AlCl₃ solution at pH 4. Allophanic material was purified from commercial Kanuma pumice. Plant growth tests were conducted using a medium containing the Al–humus complexes (50 g kg⁻¹), the allophanic material (0, 90, 180 and 360 g kg⁻¹) and perlite. The root growth of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and burdock ( Arctium lappa ) was reduced in the media containing the Al–humus complexes derived from both the non-allophanic and allophanic Andosols when the allophanic material was not added. With the addition of the allophanic materials, particularly in the 360 g kg⁻¹ treatment, the growth of the barley roots was improved markedly. Although the root growth of the burdock tended to improve with allophanic materials, the effect was weaker than that for barley. Monomeric Al in a solution of the medium was not detected (< 0.05 mg L⁻¹) following the addition of 360 g kg⁻¹ of allophanic materials, whereas 0.8–1.7 mg L⁻¹ Al was recorded without the allophanic material.     

Boron-Calcium Synergically Alleviates Aluminum Toxicity in Wheat Plants (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effects of B and Ca treatments on root growth, nutrient localization and cell wall properties in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants with and without Al stress were investigated. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in a complete nutrient solution for 7 d and then treated with B (0, 40 μM), Ca (0, 2,500 μM), and Al (0, 100 μM) in a 500 μM CaCl₂ solution for 8 d. The cell wall materials (CWM) were extracted with a phenol: acetic acid: water (2:1:1 w/v/v) solution and used for subsequent pectin extraction with trans -1,2-diami-nocyclohexane- N,N,N,N -tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and Na₂CO₃ solutions. Boron, Ca, and B + Ca treatments enhanced root growth by 19.5, 15.2, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to the control (pH 4.5). Calcium and B+Ca treatments enhanced root growth with Al stress by 43 and 54%, respectively, while B did not exert any effect. The amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weight increased by Al treatment, whereas the Ca and B+Ca treatments slightly reduced the contents of these components. Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na₂CO₃-soluble pectin fractions. A more conspicuous localization of B was observed in the presence of Al. Aluminum treatment markedly decreased the Ca content in the cell wall as well as pectin fractions, mainly in the case of the CDTA-soluble pectin fraction. Boron + Ca treatment decreased the Al content in the cell wall and pectin fractions compared to the Ca treatment alone in the presence of Al. It is concluded that the B+Ca treatment enhanced root growth and, B and Ca uptake, and helped to maintain a normal B and Ca metabolism in the cell walls even in the presence of Al.     

铝对花生根系膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响

研究了铝对耐铝性不同的两个花生品种根系膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响,结果表明,铝胁迫下,桂花21根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化不大,而桂花23的SOD活性呈下降趋势;两个品种的过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈上升趋势,桂花21上升的幅度大于桂花23的;桂花21根系的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升高后下降,桂花23的则下降;两个品种的脯氨酸和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)的含量均增加,但与对照相比,桂花21的脯氨酸升高的量大于桂花23的,桂花21 O2-.升高的量小于桂花23的;桂花23的丙二醛含量显著增加,而桂花21没有明显变化;两个品种根系电解质渗漏率均升高,桂花23上升的量大于桂花21的。     

小麦根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附/解吸特性及其与耐铝性的关系

研究了耐铝性明显差异的2个小麦基因型西矮麦1号(耐性)和辐84系(敏感)根系对铝毒胁迫的反应与根尖细胞壁组分以及细胞壁对铝的吸附和解吸的关系。结果表明,30mol/L.AlCl3可迅速抑制小麦根系伸长,但对辐84系根系伸长的抑制更为明显,且小麦根系相对伸长率随着铝浓度的提高而急剧降低。在30mol/L.AlCl3处理24h后,西矮麦1号根系伸长的抑制率为33.3%,而辐84系根系伸长的抑制率高达70.9%。小麦距根尖0～10.mm根段的铝含量和细胞壁中果胶糖醛酸含量显著高于10～20.mm根段,且前者对铝的累积吸附量明显大于后者;在0～10.mm根段,敏感基因型果胶含量高于耐性基因型,其根尖含铝量及根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附量都要大于后者。采用1.0.mol/L.NH3.H2O对细胞壁预处理2.h降低果胶甲基酯化程度后,耐性和敏感基因型根尖细胞壁对铝的累积吸附量分别降低了17.1%和20.9%,但对铝的累积解吸率没有影响。由此可见,小麦根尖是铝毒的主要位点,细胞壁果胶含量和果胶甲基酯化程度可能是导致不同小麦基因型根尖细胞壁对铝吸附量、铝积累量的差异及其对铝毒胁迫反应的差异的重要原因。     

铝胁迫下根系分泌物对栝楼光合特性及耐铝性的影响

以耐铝性较强的安国栝楼和耐铝性较弱的浦江栝楼为对比试验材料,在土培条件下探究300μmol/L和800μmol/L铝胁迫下不同浓度(30,20,10ml/株)根系分泌物对2种栝楼的生长特性、光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,经过2个浓度的铝处理后,安国栝楼和浦江栝楼生长均受到一定抑制,生物量、叶绿素a/b含量、叶绿素荧光、CAT、POD、SOD酶活性均呈下降趋势,而MDA、初始荧光(F_0)呈相反的变化趋势,2种栝楼的各指标变化程度和敏感性表现出一定的差异性,表明2种栝楼的耐铝性存在差异。加入适宜浓度的根系分泌物能够促进2种栝楼的生长,提高叶绿素a、b含量以及各个荧光参数值和CAT、POD、SOD等抗氧化酶活性,从而缓解了铝胁迫。较低浓度的根系分泌物可以缓解铝胁迫对栝楼的伤害;浓度过高时,2种栝楼的生长均会受到抑制,20ml/株的根系分泌物对栝楼铝胁迫的缓解作用最佳。因此,今后在红壤地区栝楼的生产种植中,可以进一步开展根系分泌物对栝楼影响机制的研究工作,为栝楼品种的推广与应用奠定基础。     

柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用

为了探究柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用,本试验采用水培法,以早春红玉(耐铝型,HY)和早蜜王(铝敏感型,ZM)2个西瓜品种为材料,用不同柠檬酸浓度(200、400、800、1 200μmol·L~(-1))处理铝胁迫(1 500μmol·L~(-1))下的西瓜幼苗,研究不同柠檬酸浓度对西瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫对HY和ZM幼苗的生长和生理均产生了明显的毒害作用,与HY相比,ZM受毒害的程度更大。加入柠檬酸后,铝对HY和ZM的毒害作用得到了有效的缓解,且缓解效果存在浓度差异,在一定浓度范围内(≤800μmol·L~(-1)),随着柠檬酸浓度增加缓解效果增强,其中以800μmol·L~(-1)效果最佳;当浓度增至1 200μmol·L~(-1)时,缓解效果反而减弱。柠檬酸对ZM的缓解作用强于HY,同时随着处理时间的延长柠檬酸缓解效果越明显。综上所述,柠檬酸能够有效缓解铝对西瓜幼苗的毒害作用,以400~800μmol·L~(-1)解毒效果最佳。本研究结果为明确柠檬酸缓解西瓜铝毒害作用机制以及西瓜优质高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

Comparative toxicity of Al3+, Yb3+, and La3+ to root-tip cells differing in tolerance to high Al3+ in terms of ionic potentials of dehydrated trivalent cations

Abstract

Green manure legumes are often used to compare biomass production as well as nitrogen-fixing capacity. Mineral deficiency often limits the symbiotic nitrogen fixation of many legumes, thus limiting their productivity despite their high yielding potential (O’Hara et al. 1988; Flis et al. 1993). Leguminous species require large amounts of P for growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. Consequently, they are often unable to grow in acid soils with low available P. The low P availability in tropical acid soils often arises from fixation of P by Al and Fe in soil. Generally, Al and Fe-phosphates are relatively unavailable to plants (McLachlan 1976; Ae et al. 1990).     

Stimulatory effect of aluminum on the growth of tea pollen tubes

It is well known that when inorganic elements such as boron (B), calcium, cobalt, and manganese are added to media in combination or alone, they stimulate the germination and/or tube growth of various kinds of pollen (Schmücker 1933; Loo and Hwang 1944; Yamada 1958; Brewbaker and Kwack 1963). Among these elements, the stimulatory effect ofB is the most effective and generally recognized. Aluminum (Al) belongs along with B to Group IIIa in the periodic table, and Fähnrich and Ultlich (1964) reported that Al inhibited the germination and growth of the pollen tube of Petunia hybrida and Antirrhinum majus. However, stimulatory effects of Al on pollen germination or pollen tube growth had not been previously reported.