基于生态绿当量的生态移民区生态效益评价——以盐池县移民区为例

以宁夏盐池县花马池镇的四个生态移民区为研究对象,进行生态移民区生态效益评价。应用2008年SPOT卫星遥感影像和2013年无人机航摄影像,首先对研究区5 a间土地利用变化进行监测与分析;其次应用生态绿当量评价模型进行生态移民研究区生态效益评价。研究显示:（1）2008—2013年5 a间研究区的生态绿当量均有所提高,生态环境有改善;（2）2008年和2013年研究区域的生态绿当量均低于1,移民区生态环境仍较为脆弱;（3）研究区森林覆盖率低于联合国最低值20%,高于环保部生态县15%的覆盖率,基于生态绿当量森林覆盖率与最佳森林覆盖率有很大的差距,表明研究区土地利用方面仍需调整,需加大保护生态恢复措施力度,继续实行封山育林禁牧、退耕还林等措施制度。     

Characteristics of the soil microbial population in forest land irrigated with saline water in the desert area

The study of soil microbial populations and diversity is an important way to understanding the soil energy process.In this study we analyzed the characteristics of soil microbial populations of the Tarim Desert Highway shelter-forest,by identifying microbial fatty acids and using methods of conventional cul-tivation.The results illustrated that the amount of soil microbial activity and the diversity of soil microbial fatty acid increased significantly with the plantation age of the shelter-forest;the soil microbial population was dominated by bacteria.The fatty acids of C14︰0,C15︰0,C16︰0,C17︰0,C18︰1ω9,C18︰0,C18︰2ω6 and C21︰0 were found to be dominant soil microbial fatty acids in the shelter-forest soil.Prin-cipal analysis and regression analysis showed that(1) concentrations of fatty acids of C14︰0,C16︰0 and C18︰0 could be used as indicators of total soil microbial population;(2) soil bacteria and actinomycetes populations were closely correlated with the amount of fatty acids of C15︰0 and C17︰0;and(3) soil fungi were closely correlated with the amount of fatty acids of C18︰1ω9 and C18︰2ω6.     

新疆绿洲防护林体系结构优化模型与应用研究

本文从生态经济效益出发，采用多目标规划的方法，构建了洛浦县绿洲防护林体系结构多目标优化模型。根据模型优化结果扩大造林面积，调整林种比例，进行林网结构优化及树种优化等，结果使资源结构优化，生态效益和经济效益充分发挥。     

基于遥感分析20年来民勤绿洲防护林带植被变化研究

民勤绿洲三面环沙,为了遏制风沙危害,保护绿洲,民勤人长期不懈的开展绿洲防护带体系建设,监测和评价绿洲防护带的变化趋势,这对于绿洲生态环境的保护及指导干旱区生态建设意义重大。利用1996、2006、2016年民勤绿洲防护带植被生长期内Landsat TM/OLI遥感卫星数据,以ENVI 5.3和Arcgis 10.4为影像处理工具,分别计算3期研究区内的NDVI,基于像元二分模型计算植被覆盖度,研究民勤绿洲不同植被覆盖程度的空间分布和动态变化;基于CART算法的决策树分类技术,组合多元数据进行土地利用类型分类,获得绿洲防护带面积以及转移变化情况。结果表明,2006与1996年相比,低覆盖度和高覆盖度面积有所增加,占民勤绿洲面积比例分别增加了32.48%和27.65%;但是,中低覆盖度、中等覆盖度、中高覆盖度面积有所减少,所占比例分别下降了66.28%、17.94%和2.61%。2016与2006年相比,低覆盖度和中高覆盖度面积有所减少,所占比例分别下降了26.28%和24.00%;此外,中低覆盖度、中等覆盖度和高覆盖度面积有所增加,所占比例分别增加了205.47%、4.12%、44.22%。20年来,低覆盖度面积出现先增加后减少的趋势。土地利用分类结果显示,2006与1996年相比,农田防护林和防风固沙林面积均有所增加,分别增加148.68%和16.47%。2016与2006年相比,农田防护林面积有所减少,所占比例下降了33.99%;但是防风固沙林面积继续保持增加趋势,增幅3.55%。说明20年来,民勤绿洲低覆盖度面积不断减少,生态环境不断改善,防风固沙林面积出现先快速增加后缓慢增加的趋势,这与保护天然植被,大力开展人工造林建立防护林息息相关。     

药用植物西洋甘菊避雨栽培的播期研究

为探寻药用植物西洋甘菊在三明地区避雨栽培的适宜播期,2012～2014年对西洋甘菊株系sm－3进行研究,共设2个不同时期的播期试验,研究播期与株高、冠幅、开花习性及产量之间的关系。试验结果表明：播期对株高、冠幅和鲜花产量有影响,随着播期的推迟,株高降低,初花期延迟,开花期明显缩短,鲜花产量减少。sm－3平均株高60．53～79．96cm,开花期26～40d,平均单株产量58．55～108．80g,每667m２鲜花产量167．28～339．22kg。鲜花产量以2013年10月16日播种的最高,每667m２产量为339．22kg;其次是2012年11月1日播种的,每667m２产量为310．84kg。初步结果表明,西洋甘菊在三明地区的适宜播期为10月中旬至11月上旬,最晚播种时间应不迟于11月底。     

三疣梭子蟹网箱中间培育技术研究

在４０亩虾池内设置网箱２０ｍ＾２，以鲜活鱼虾蟹蛤肉糜为饵料，以棕帘、鲜活海草、芦苇、麦秆为附着掩体，对人工培育的三疣梭子蟹前期大眼幼体进行中间培育试验。日平均培育水温２４．５￣２５．８℃。６１８００尾大眼幼体经１１￣１２天培育，获甲宽６￣１２ｍｍ的稚蟹３６３１３尾，平均成活率５８．８％。     

Capture for culture: artificial shelters for grouper collection in SE Asia

This paper addresses a little‐discussed relationship between wild capture and mariculture, when the latter involves grow‐out of small wild‐caught fish or invertebrates in captivity. Seafood generated in this way is typically considered to be a form of aquaculture because it is assumed that, for animals removed from the wild when natural mortality is still very high, the protection conferred by culture operations will improve survivorship and enhance production. This assumption does not necessarily, however, apply when animals are removed well past the time of early high mortality. As one example of the implications of an early life‐history phase (ELP) fishery supplying culture operations, a preliminary study was conducted on an ELP fishery supplying live reef fish, especially groupers, in Southeast Asia. Grouper culture depends on both hatchery‐produced and wild‐caught fish which are then grown out to market size. Following interest to develop grow‐out operations in Indonesia, a pilot study was conducted to determine the sizes and capture rates of species of interest to the live fish trade, and to determine the likely environmental footprint of an artificial shelter (gango) type of capture method. From the results of the 15‐month study, we drew inferences regarding the sustainability of this fishing method and requirements of space, fish and materials for a viable grow‐out operation. The results showed that gangos were unselective for either species or size. Only 1.4% of the total fish catch (by number) were target species, mainly the grouper Epinephelus coioides, and most were large (mean total length was 13.6 cm) enough to have bypassed the early high mortality phase. Moreover, there were large non‐target catches that included many food fish species too small to be useful in catches. Given the large number and area of gangos needed for a viable operation, and that many groupers captured could probably have survived to reproduce, the ecological footprint of this approach could be substantial. These results, and literature on other ELP fisheries, suggest that these may often need management, have important links to other capture fishery sectors, and require careful evaluation of potential costs and benefits before introduction or development.     

华南地区夏秋季叶菜类蔬菜防雨棚高效栽培技术

叶菜类蔬菜的稳定供应关系到城市蔬菜价格的稳定。华南地区夏秋季（4耀9 月）气温高、日照强、雨量集 中,露地种植的叶菜类蔬菜容易受病虫为害和被大雨打坏,很难正常生长、产量低,农药使用量增加,严重影响叶菜 类蔬菜的连续生产、质量安全和市场供应。探索夏秋季叶菜类蔬菜优质高效栽培模式,有利于提高叶菜类蔬菜的产 量与品质。具华南特色的防雨棚既能防雨,又能通风透气,特别适合夏秋季叶菜类蔬菜的高效栽培,是解决华南地区 夏秋季叶菜类蔬菜生产瓶颈,稳定市场供应的一种投资少、见效快的实用技术。通过介绍防雨棚的研究进展、性能、 高效栽培技术和投资分析,为广大投资、生产和推广者提供参考。     

城市防护林设计初探

指出了城市防护林是城市绿地建设的重要组成部分。结合多年城市防护林设计经验,从城市防护林类型、功用、设置几方面简要探讨了城市防护林设计,以期对城市防护林设计提供参考。     

平原粉沙淤泥质海岸防护林土壤渗透特性的研究

探讨了淤泥质海岸防护林土壤的渗透特性 ,指出同一林分土壤渗透速率差异较大 ,不同样地间土壤渗透速率的差异也十分显著。林地初渗速率大 ,在降雨初期能吸收大量降雨 ,稳渗时渗透速率未必比光板地大。林地土壤渗透过程符合对数曲线 ,相关系数达极显著水平 ;渗透速率大小主要取决于土壤有机质含量和非毛管孔隙率