中国农业装备产业发展战略研究

该文深入分析了中国农业装备产业发展现状与态势、发展中存在的问题与制约因素，提出振兴中国农业装备产业要实施自主创新战略、现代制造技术改造提升战略、组织结构优化战略、品牌培育战略以及市场拓展战略5大具体战略，以实现2010年农业装备制造业工业总产值翻一番，装备技术自主创新能力显著增强；2020年农业装备工业总值将在2010年基础上再提高50％，步入世界农业装备制造强国行列的阶段战略目标。探讨了中国农业装备科技创新体系建设的重点在于强化国家农业装备工程技术研究中心建设、打造大型农业装备制造企业、推进中小企业间合作创新，以增强共性技术研发能力、逐步培育农业装备产业创新主体和构建农业装备技术集成与推广服务平台。最后提出了完善农业装备科技创新机制的政策建议，重点在于建立新型农业装备科技创新运行机制，整合创新资源引导建立产学研合作创新的长效激励机制，建立多元化农业装备创新资金投入机制。     

履带式行走机构压实作用下土壤应力分布均匀性分析

履带式行走机构因具有较小的接地压力而被逐渐应用在大型农业车辆上,以减小对土壤的压实。然而由于履带下应力分布的不均匀,导致农业车辆对土壤的最大应力并未有效减小,对土壤较长的压力作用时间反而增加了土壤被压实的风险。应力分布的不均匀还会造成履带沉陷量的增大,降低车辆在软土地面的通过性能。为了研究履带式行走机构压实作用下土壤内的应力分布规律以及如何提高应力分布的均匀性,以缓解履带车辆对土壤压实作用、提高履带车辆软地通过能力,该文采用侧断面水平钻孔埋设压力传感器的方法,测得了履带式行走机构压实作用下履带中心线横截面内0.35 m深度土壤内沿履带长度方向上的垂直及水平应力分布;同时研究了履带张紧力大小对应力分布均匀性的影响。结果表明,履带式行走机构下的垂直应力在各负重轮的轴线处呈现一个应力峰值;水平应力在各负重轮轴线的前、后方分别呈现一个应力峰值,且最小应力在轴线处。各负重轮下的应力峰值大小不同。最大垂直应力出现在履带式行走机构后端的导向轮处;最大水平应力出现在后支重轮与导向轮之间。适当减小履带张紧力能够提高垂直及水平应力分布的均匀性。履带张紧力由1.8×10~4k Pa减小至1.6×10~4k Pa时,履带下的最大垂直及水平应力分别减小了约37.3%和21.7%;平均最大垂直及水平应力分别减小了约26.4%和20.4%。研究结果可为履带式行走机构结构的优化提供理论依据,以期提高履带下应力分布的均匀性。     

Oribatid mites in urban zones of West Berlin

Summary A comparison is made between oribatid fauna (Acari, Oribatida) in the urban regions of West Berlin and forest areas. There are characteristic species compositions living in urban soils, in epilithic moss cushions or on the bark of trees. The urban environment obviously causes a change in the species pattern in these types of habitats and minimizes the number of species in central urban regions. The most important regional factors are probably relative aridity, air pollution and habitat isolation, showing a similar increasing tendency from sub-urban to central regions of West Berlin. The effects of air pollution (SO2) on moss-inhabiting oribatid mites are analysed in 13 sites of the urban district of West Berlin. The use of moss- and bark-dwelling mites as bioindicators of air pollution is discussed.Soil oribatids might be useful bioindicators of soil pollution in further research.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Effects of ambient air pollution on wheat and rice yield in Pakistan

Open-top chambers ventilated with ambient or chiarcoal-filtered air were used to assess the impact of air pollution on the yield of local cultivars of wheat and rice, at a site on the outskirts of Lahore. At this location, 6-h mean O₃ concentrations reach 60 ppb in certain months, and annual mean NO₂ concentrations are 20–25 ppb. The experiments showed significant yield reduction in two successive seasons which ranged from 33% to 46% in wheat and from 37% to 51% in rice. The major yield parameter affected was the number of ears or panicles per plant, although there was also evidence of small effects on 1000 grain weight and on the number of grains per ear/panicle. These results have significance in terms of the maintenance of agricultural yields as pollution emissions rise in south and south-east Asia.     

旋转式农机土槽试验台运行平稳性控制方法及试验验证

为了解决旋转式土槽试验台的槽体和槽内土壤质量较大带来速度不容易控制和调节的问题,建立轮胎摩擦驱动的旋转式土槽试验台的数学模型。根据旋转式土槽交流伺服驱动器的特点设计了模糊控制器,对模糊控制进行优化并进行MATLAB仿真、对比。当交流伺服驱动器初始输入转速为300 r/min时,优化前后土槽在模糊控制策略下输出转速最终都稳定在3 r/min;优化后模糊控制下的土槽输出转速超调量小,最大转速为3.4 r/min,比优化前的3.7减小0.3 r/min,土槽输出转速稳定在3 r/min的时间由优化前的9.0减少到8.0 s,后期无振荡。试验结果表明:当旋转式土槽交流伺服驱动器输入转速320 r/min时,土槽运行稳定性误差由模糊控制的0.034降低到优化模糊控制的0.029,土槽从启动到进入稳定运行的时间由10.1缩短到7.9 s。该研究可提升后续利用该种试验台进行移栽和播种等农业机械试验的精度。     

Farmland birds and resource protection in the UK: Cross-cutting solutions for multi-functional farming?

Farmland bird declines in Europe are well documented. In the UK, agri-environment schemes are key mechanisms for reversing the declines of birds and other farmland biodiversity, but recent reviews suggest that wet habitats might be a gap in provision by these schemes. Important resources provided by wet habitats include: (i) damp soil, for probing species; (ii) permanent water to provide water-dependent invertebrates, as a source of food; (iii) bare or sparsely vegetated ground in the draw-down zone, to improve access to food; (iv) rank emergent vegetation for nesting. However, wet habitats have been lost from farmland as a result of loss of ponds and filling of ditches, as well as the effective removal of water from fields by surface run-off, itself affected by soil compaction, and extensive under-field drainage. The efficient removal of water from fields can cause problems downstream, both through flooding, and diffuse pollution. Regular farmland pollutants include pesticides, nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment, leading to environmental problems such as eutrophication and reduced quality of drinking water. Major new political instruments, such as the Water Framework Directive, will aim to reduce the impact of this diffuse pollution from agriculture. A variety of solutions to diffuse pollution, such as conservation tillage, buffer strips at field edges, and small constructed wetlands, could simultaneously provide some of the resources required by farmland birds. We suggest that future agri-environment schemes, to be truly multifunctional, could focus on bringing these diverse objectives together.     

基于灰色系统理论的收益还原法在农用地估价中的应用

收益还原法是农用地估价中的常用方法，但是目前利用此法评估农用地地价时，采用实际纯收益代替预期纯收益而导致评估的地价不合理。该文系统地论证了利用灰色系统建模来预测农用地预期纯收益的可行性，并分析了整个建模过程。最后将模型应用到湖北省武穴市农用地估价中。结果表明，应用此模型预测的后验差比值为0.21，小误差频率为1，精度达到一级。利用预测得到的预期纯收益来评估农用地地价与传统方法相比更趋合理，具有实际的应用价值。     

晋西黄土区小流域泥沙来源分析

以晋西黄土区小流域为研究对象,选择了7个典型小流域,根据14 a的定位观测结果,对流域泥沙来源进行了分析.结果表明,按小流域泥沙来源的地貌部位划分,沟谷地(沟头、沟道和沟坡)产沙量＞沟间地(坡面、梁峁坡)产沙量,沟谷地产沙量占流域总产沙量的60%以上,沟谷地侵蚀模数是沟间地的1.28～2.48倍,坡耕地、裸露地是主要产沙地类.