青钱柳红豆杉混交造林技术试验

进行了青钱柳红豆杉混交林、纯林造林技术试验。经过3年经营管理,对林木生长量进行了调查,幼林林木生长良好。结果显示:青钱柳红豆杉混交林幼林林木生长量,比青钱柳、红豆杉纯林幼林林木树高大于2.89%、29.66%,平均胸径粗于17.07%、23.08%,平均树冠宽于6.02%、19.72%。     

基于改进蚁群算法的服务组合研究

在服务计算过程中，服务组合问题是其中关键的技术之一。在原子候选服务数目巨大的情况下，经典的算法一般都是寻找问题的最优解，存在运算量大，运行时间长的缺点，蚁群算法并不是寻找服务组合问题的最优解，而是得到用户能够认同的可行解。为了能够更有效的为用户提供各种服务，在静态的服务组合建立过程中，以服务发现的候选原子服务集合中的服务质量为权重，将服务组合问题分解成一个有向无环图，在组合代价为最小的原则下，采用改进的蚁群算法为搜索方法，迭代一定的次数或者达到用户设定的服务质量为算法的终止条件，找到能够组合为用户需要的原子候选服务集合，进而快速、准确的得到用户期望的服务。     

天然林采伐迹地不炼山造林技术

在天然林林分采伐迹地采用不炼山清杂办法清理迹地进行造林生产,并与常规的炼山造林进行比较,结果表明:不炼山造林不仅具有明显的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,而且在技术上简单实用,林业生产者容易掌握。建议在永安市内天然针阔叶混交林采伐迹地推广不炼山造林技术,并杜绝炼山造林。     

The Ecological Concept of Costs of Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)

Plant defence is thought to provide benefits for the defended plants. Theoretical concepts must, therefore, explain why there is variation in defensive traits, which naively might be assumed to be present constitutively in fixed high amounts. Explanations are mainly based on the assumption of fitness costs. Investment in defence is thought to reduce the fitness of plants in enemy-free environments. Fitness costs often result from allocation costs, i.e. allocation of limited resources to defence, which then cannot be used for growth or other fitness-relevant processes. This theoretical concept can provide a useful tool for the interpretation of induced plant responses against pathogens, named induced systemic (or systemic acquired) resistance (ISR or SAR). Phenotypic plasticity, leading to induced responses, might have evolved mainly to reduce costs, since investment in defence is restricted to situations actually requiring defence. ISR can incur allocation costs and other, indirect costs, which ultimately may lead to fitness costs. Evolution of any defensive trait depends on both what a plant ideally 'should do and what it actually 'is able to do. Costs of defence constrain its expression. This might have important influences on the evolution of plant defensive traits, as well as on the exploitation of natural defences in agricultural crop protection.     

Costs of studying veterinary science: a national survey of fourth year veterinary students

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the costs to the student of veterinary education. METHOD: A questionnaire was completed by 180 fourth-year veterinary students from the four veterinary schools in Australia. Frequencies and median costs were estimated using the SAS System for Windows 95. RESULTS: The median direct living costs were about $5000 per academic year, but were higher in Sydney and for those with additional expenses including children, pets and cars. Other costs associated with the course including text books, equipment and travel to practical work were of the order of $1000, and income foregone while doing practical work placed additional burdens on some. More than half the students from Sydney and Murdoch needed to work to provide basic necessities. Most of this work involved interaction with animals or people. The percentage of Queensland and Melbourne students needing to work was lower, 47 and 24 respectively, and fewer of those worked directly with animals or people. The students expected to repay a median of $14,000 after they graduate, with 70% of this being due to the Australian government as part of the Higher Education Contribution Scheme. CONCLUSIONS: Although parents contributed an average of between one-third and one half of the costs of obtaining a veterinary degree, the extent of parental contributions was very uneven and almost one half of all students needed to work to provide basic necessities. The average total debt on graduation was about half the annual starting salary, but those starting the course from 1997 are subject to much higher charges, and their average debt is likely to exceed one year's salary.     

河西走廊绿洲外围沙化草地固沙造林效果研究

通过对流动沙丘固沙造林效果的对比研究,结果发现:未固沙造林的沙丘,丘间低地是以芦苇和赖草为优势种的原生群落,沙丘迎风坡植被稀疏,不形成植物群落,而实施固沙造林技术20年后的沙丘,虽丘间低地群落组成成分变化不大,但流动沙丘被完全固定,中下部形成以引入固沙灌木柠条锦鸡儿、花棒为优势种的人工植物群落,植物种类增加,生产力提高,草地生态系统得到有效恢复。固沙造林沙丘与未固沙造林沙丘相比,丘间低地群落高度增加51.6%,产草量增加12.6%,盖度增加4.7%,多度无变化,密度提高15%,物种丰富度指数提高25%,均匀度指数提高34.8%;迎风坡下部群落高度增加87.1%,产草量增加13%,多度提高一个等级,密度增加15%,物种丰富度指数提高228%,均匀度指数提高22.8%;迎风坡中部群落高度增加453.7%,产草量增加64.5%,多度提高一个等级,密度增加128.9%,物种丰富度指数提高616%,均匀度指数提高33.3%;迎风坡上部植被非常稀疏,不形成群落,植株平均高度25.3 cm,产草量增加206.8%,多度提高一个等级,密度增加550%,物种丰富度指数提高800%,均匀度指数提高66.7%。     

晋西黄土区主要造林树种耗水量测算与分析

依据水量平衡原理,采用盆栽试验分别测算了晋西黄土区主要造林树种侧柏、刺槐、杏树和梨树在其生长季(4～10月)成熟单株树木的耗水量,并根据林地土壤水分动态及土壤水分特征曲线标定的各树种无效水界值,分析了各树种土壤水分供耗特点及其有效性.结果表明:①2002贫水年生长季降水量430.7 mm,试验树种同期耗水量约为430～470 mm,树木供耗失衡;2003丰水年降水量870.2 mm,耗水量约为450～510 mm,但降雨分配不均,5月和10月树木供耗也略有失衡.②不同树种年内土壤含水量变化趋势相近,而同月耗水量差异较大,同一树种不同月耗水量差异也较大,丰水年各试验地土壤水分状况要好于贫水年.③侧柏、刺槐、杏树和梨树无效水界值为8.0%,8.4%,9.4%和10.9%,侧柏较其它树种利用水分能力最强.贫水年林外单株树木土壤含水量在一段时间内低于对应树种的无效水界值,影响树木正常生长.单株树木依靠冬季和次年春季降水补充,生长季初期都能恢复到速效水水平.     

城市生态环境与城市园林绿化

从城市化给城市带来的一系列环境问题以及城市园林绿化建设的重要性出发,分析建立“城市生态绿化新优良种示范基地”的意义及综合效益.     

RESEARCH ON THE SILVICULTURE OF EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS (SALIGNA) IN THE NORTHERN TRANSVAAL

An historical sketch of research on the growing of saligna on short rotations in the Northern Transvaal is given, and the current research programme is outlined. Results are given of the Methods of Soil Preparation experiment at Zomerkomst and preliminary conclusions are drawn from the Silvicultural Systems project at Boschhoek (West-falia).     

华木莲人工造林技术研究

主要对华木莲生长速度、施肥、不同坡位、初植造林打穴规格、除草方式、初植密度、适宜造林时间、适宜土壤pH值等人工造林技术进行探索研究。