Development of furnished cages re‐using conventional cages for laying hens: Behaviour,physical condition and productivity

Furnished cages for laying hens have advantages in allowing normal behaviors and maintaining productivity. As the cost of introduction is a barrier for farms, we developed furnished cages that re‐use conventional cages. To determine the minimum and functional cage design, we compared six designs, combinations of two floor designs (artificial turf or wire cage floor) and three screening designs in the integrated area (no screening, one entrance side or four sides). In total, 144 hens were used, and we measured behavior, physical condition and productivity. Comparing the floors, the percentages of hens performing dust‐bathing and laying eggs in the integrated area were higher in cages with turf than wire floor (P < 0.05 for both). Comparing the screening, dust‐bathing, litter‐exploring and active behavior tended to be more frequent in cages with the integrated area screened on one side than four sides. Feather damage was lower in cages with the integrated area screened on one side than with no screening (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the cage design with an integrated area with artificial turf floor, screened on one side, was effective for furnished cages that re‐use conventional cages.     

Strategies of behavior,energetic and thermogenesis of striped hamsters in response to food deprivation

The life history of many animals includes periods of food shortage. Two behavioral strategies are involved in small mammals in response to food shortage: an increase in activity behavior, representing the increased foraging or migratory behavior, and a decrease in activity level, serving as a mechanism for conserving energy. However, it is uncertain whether animals adopt both strategies in response to food shortage, and whether hormone and neuroendocrine mechanisms are involved in both strategies. In the present study, changes in behavior and metabolic rate were examined in food‐deprived striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis). The effects of leptin supplement on activity behavior, metabolic rate and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression were also examined. The behavior of food‐deprived hamsters significantly changed with photoperiod phases: with increasing activity during the dark phase compared to those fed ad libitum, whereas decreasing activity and simultaneously increasing resting behavior during the light phase. Resting metabolic rate, body mass, and masses of fat depots and digestive tracts significantly decreased in food‐deprived hamsters compared with ad libitum controls. Leptin supplement tended to attenuate the increased activity in the dark phase. Gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) was significantly upregulated in food‐deprived hamsters, while was significantly attenuated by exogenous leptin. These findings suggest that both behavior strategies are important behavioral adjustments in free‐living animals to cope with food shortage. Leptin and hypothalamic NPY gene expression may be involved in the adjustments of physiology and behavior in animals demonstrating a hyperactivity strategy in response to food shortage.     

向日葵与锈菌互作过程中活性氧的积累

为了探讨向日葵品种与锈菌互作中活性氧的产生和积累与向日葵抗锈病性的关系,采用分光光度计法及联苯胺蓝(DAB)、氮兰四唑(NBT)染色法对过氧化氢(H2O2)及超氧阴离子自由基(O2-)诱导积累的过程进行了检测.结果表明:接种后抗、感病品种均出现H2O2和O2-双峰,侵染早期积累明显,最高峰出现在16 h,在抗病品种中活性氧产生和积累明显高于感病品种;在抗病品种中侵染位点活性氧的产生及积累较明显,接种后16h,侵染位点周围的染色范围较大,染色较深,H2O2及O2-的染色比例均达到最高,分别为65.5%和41%;而在感病品种的侵染位点没有检测到明显的活性氧积累.     

鲢幼鱼对氨氮胁迫的行为响应特征研究

为了深入揭示城市水体中氨氮胁迫对鱼类生存和栖息地的影响,有必要针对特定鱼类对氨氮胁迫的行为响应进行探究。选择对氨氮较为敏感的重要经济鱼类鲢作为目标物种,通过氨氮急性毒性预实验确定氨氮浓度范围,设计“静水多室”实验装置,开展鲢幼鱼对氨氮胁迫的行为响应实验。鲢幼鱼体长（5±1）cm;实验条件为水温（25±1）℃,pH 7.9±0.1,溶解氧>9.0 mg/L,电导率约400μS/cm。结果表明,鲢幼鱼对氨氮的96 h半致死浓度为16.8 mg/L。鲢幼鱼行为响应实验中,氨氮浓度为0、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/L单元中的鲢幼鱼平均分布率分别为44.4%、13.9%、4.9%、13.2%、13.2%和10.4%,相应的鲢幼鱼平均回避率分别为-58.0%、-48.1%、68.9%、20.8%、33.3%和37.5%。鲢幼鱼对氨氮胁迫的回避阈值小于1.0 mg/L（相对应的非离子氨浓度小于0.05 mg/L）。当氨氮浓度超过1.0 mg/L后,鲢幼鱼回避率呈现先下降再上升的变化趋势。鲢幼鱼能够探测到水体中的氨氮产生回避行为响应,其表现类型为“低浓度吸引、高浓度回避”。...     

环境规制约束下新疆棉农生产环境保护意愿与行为的影响因素研究

在农业面源污染较为突出的背景下,环境规制是否对新疆棉农的生产环境保护行为起到了规范作用?环境规制在治理农业面源污染中效果是否显著?这些问题成为全社会关注的问题.在对新疆重点植棉县的棉花种植户问卷调查的基础上,通过将环境规制分析归类为命令控制型、宣传教育型、经济激励型三种类型,运用SPSS17.0软件进行Probit双变...     

西番莲研究进展

本文对国内外近几年西番莲的种质资源与育种、栽培现状、营养成分、功能活性成分及其功效和加工利用状况的研究进展进行综述,并提出在品种选育、田间种植技术、功能活性成分及其作用机理和采后的保鲜技术等方面开展深入研究的方向,为西番莲的深度开发及利用提供参考。     

椰心叶甲对椰树叶片挥发物的EAG和行为反应

测定了椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima (Gestro)雌、雄成虫对其寄主椰树叶片中的十三醇、2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚、苯乙醛等10种挥发性气味物质的触角电位（EAG）反应。结果表明,与对照相比,这10种挥发物组分除了庚醛对雄虫EAG反应不显著外,其他均能引起椰心叶甲雌、雄成虫明显的EAG反应,其中十三醇对雌、雄成虫的EAG反应值最大。根据雌、雄成虫对这10种挥发物EAG反应的强弱,进一步测定雌、雄成虫对1×10-6 ~1×10-1μL/mL等6个浓度梯度的十三醇、2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚、苯乙醛和2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚的EAG反应和行为反应,结果表明,这4种挥发物对椰心叶甲雌、雄成虫的EAG反应随浓度的变化而变化,在1×10-4μL/mL时达到最大值,除了苯乙醛的引诱率在1×10-5μL/mL时达最大值（65.00%）外,其他3种对雌、雄成虫的引诱率均在1×10-4μL/mL时达最大（均在60%以上）。     

果园生草对苹果叶片衰老过程中生理特性的影响

为了探讨果园生草对苹果叶片衰老过程中生理特性的影响,以果园生草和清耕（对照）条件下5年生苹果园为试材,研究了叶片衰老过程中叶绿素、净光合速率、抗氧化酶活性、活性氧和丙二醛含量变化规律。结果表明,与清耕处理相比,果园生草处理提高了叶片衰老过程中叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性,使超氧阴离子、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量保持相对较低的水平,延缓了叶绿素的降解,从而延缓了叶片衰老,提高了其净光合速率。因此,果园生草促使衰老叶片维持较高的抗氧化酶活性,延缓了衰老进程,提高了叶片制造光合产物的能力。     

赤桉材干燥终了调湿处理中的流变行为

在实验室的小型调温调湿箱中对25 mm厚赤桉干燥材进行终了调湿处理,并以切片法分析调湿过程中的弹性应变和机械吸附应变特性.结果表明:经24 h的处理,表层的吸湿效果显著,含水率上升达5%,而板材的平均含水率上升2.5%～3.0%;表层压缩弹性应变在经历处理开始3 h内的短暂上升后迅速下降,而整个处理过程中心层的拉伸弹性应变变化不大;处理9 h后,次表层的压缩弹性应力比表层的大,产生反向的应力梯度;处理中,木材表层吸湿软化发生了补充收缩,缩小了内外各层长度差异,应力减小;表层软化有效地减小乃至消除机械吸附应变,但由于干燥历史的影响,机械吸附应变的变化滞后于含水率的变化,在处理的第3～9 h间下降幅度最大.     

8种磺酰脲类除草剂在腐植酸上的吸附作用与机理初探

利用室内实验方法,研究了甲磺隆、绿磺隆、甲嘧磺隆、烟嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、氯嘧磺隆、苄嘧磺隆和噻磺隆等8种磺酰脲类除草剂在腐植酸上的吸附行为,利用批量平衡法测定了它们的吸附等温线,评价了pH值和离子强度等因素对吸附的影响,同时借助傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)手段对其吸附机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,腐植酸对8种磺酰脲除草剂的吸附作用较强,其吸附强弱依次为氯嘧磺隆>苄嘧磺隆>绿磺隆>噻磺隆>甲磺隆>吡嘧磺隆>烟嘧磺隆>甲嘧磺隆。吸附与pH值呈负相关,低pH环境中吸附量显著增加;吸附随溶液离子浓度的增加而略有增加。FT-IR的实验结果表明,腐植酸对磺酰脲除草剂的吸附存在明显的氢键作用,推测可能是磺酰脲脲桥上酰氨基的氢与腐植酸中羟基上的氧原子、均三氮苯环上的氮原子与腐植酸羟基上的氢原子之间形成了较强的氢键。