Preliminary investigations on the effects of dietary lipid on the spawning performance and egg quality of black sea bass Centropristis striata L

Adult black sea bass Centropristis striata broodstock ( N =162) were fed three different dietary treatments: two commercially prepared diets with 45% protein and two different lipid levels (12% and 20%) (diets 1 and 2), and a diet of frozen Atlantic silversides Menidia menidia (SS, diet 3). Broodstock were held under controlled photothermal conditions and induced to spawn with an LHRHa pellet (72 μg kg⁻¹ bw). Dietary lipid had pronounced effects on spawning performance and egg quality. Diet 3 (SS) produced a significantly ( P <0.05) higher fertilization success (22.4%) than diets 1 (0.6%) and 2 (4.8%). The hatching success of fertilized eggs was similar in all diets (range=40–58.6%), but only two spawns from diet 1 (12% lipid) yielded viable yolk-sac larvae (YSL). Diet 3 (SS) also produced significantly more YSL per female (21.8 × 10³) than the diet 1 (0.3 × 10³). Eggs from diet 3 (SS) contained a significantly greater proportion of n-3 series fatty acids, with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as the largest fraction. Eggs from commercially prepared dietary treatments contained significantly more n-6 fatty acids. The poor spawning performance of fish fed diet 1 (12% lipid) may be related to higher levels of linoleic acid and lower levels of DHA in the diet.     

Effects of alternate phases of fish oil and vegetable oil-based diets in Murray cod

Fish oil (FO)- and canola oil (CO)-based diets were regularly alternated in a daily cycle (amCO: alternation of CO in the morning and FO in the afternoon, and pmCO: alternation of FO in the morning and CO in the afternoon) or in a series of weekly cycles (2W: alternation of 2 weeks on CO and 2 weeks on FO, 4W: alternation of 4 weeks on CO and 4 weeks on FO), over a 16-week period in juvenile Murray cod ( Maccullochella peelii peelii ). No significant differences were observed between any of the treatments in relation to the final weight. However, fish subjected to the 2W schedule were larger ( P >0.05) than all other treatments (37.2 ± 0.30 vs. 34.3 ± 0.58 in the control treatment). Fish receiving the 2W treatment had a significantly lower total net disappearance of eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5n-3 (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid 22:6n-3 (62.1% and 24.0% respectively) compared with the control treatment (fish continuously fed a blend of 50% FO and 50% CO). Likewise, Murray cod receiving the amCO daily schedule had a significantly lower total net disappearance of EPA in comparison with the CD and pmCO treatments. These data point towards the existence of cyclical mechanisms relative to fatty acid utilization/retention.     

饲料中添加螺旋藻对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组分的影响

系统研究了饲料中添加0～5％不同水平的螺旋藻对凡纳滨对虾生长性能与体生化组成的影响。结果表明：（1）螺旋藻能促进对虾生长,提高饲料的消化利用率,以0．8％、1．5％螺旋藻添加组凡纳滨对虾生长性能较好,试验中期、末期增重率分别达到926．10％、959．78％和4382％、4353．3％,与对照组相比,虾体增重率分别提高2．82％、6．56％和3．45％、2．77％。结合饲料利用、虾体生化组分分析结果表明,饲料中添加0．8％水平螺旋藻为最佳。凡纳滨对虾肝体指数（HSI）随螺旋藻添加量的增加呈现下降趋势。（2）在1％螺旋藻添加范围内,虾体EPA含量内（Y）与螺旋藻添加量（X）呈现良好的线性关系（YEPA=2．4275X＋4．5975,R0=0．9611）,在0．8％范围内螺旋藻,虾体中DHA、ARA的含量与螺旋藻添加量呈显著线性相关（yDHA=4．668X＋5．6545,R^2=0．9631;YARA=105．58X＋0．3241,R^2=0．9749）。（3）从虾体DHA、EPA和ARA含量分析,0．5％大蒜添加量与5％螺旋藻添加量的对虾体脂肪酸改善效果相当。     

Temperature-dependent lipid levels and components in polar and temperate eelpout (Zoarcidae)

Total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition were analysed in tissues from two eelpout species fed on the same diet, the Antarctic Pachycara brachycephalum and the temperate Zoarces viviparus, with the aim of determining the role of lipids in fishes from different thermal habitats. The lipid content increased with decreasing temperature in the liver of both species, suggesting enhanced lipid storage under cold conditions. In P. brachycephalum, lipid composition in the liver and muscle was strongly dominated by triacylglycerols between 0 and 6°C. In contrast, in the temperate species, lipid class composition changed with changes in the temperature. When acclimatized to 4 and 6°C Z. viviparus not only displayed a shift to lipid anabolism and pronounced lipid storage, as indicated by high triacylglycerol levels, but also a shift to patterns of cold adaptation, as reflected by an increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipid extract. Unsaturated fatty acids were also abundant in the Antarctic eelpout, but when compared to Z. viviparus at the same temperatures, the latter had significantly higher ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels, whereas the Antarctic eelpout showed significantly higher ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels. High δ-¹⁵N values of the Antarctic eelpout reflect the high trophic level of this scavenger in the Weddell Sea food web. Stable carbon values suggest that lipid-enriched prey forms a major part of its diet. The strategy to accumulate storage lipids in the cold is interpreted to be adaptive behaviour at colder temperatures and during periods of irregular, pulsed food supply.     

High stocking density induces crowding stress and affects amino acid metabolism in Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis (Kaup 1858) juveniles

Fish held at high stocking densities are generally exposed to chronic stress situations that impose severe energy demands and may predispose the fish to infection. Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis (Kaup) juveniles (78.8±18.9 g body weight) were maintained at low (LSD; 4 kg m^?2 at the end of the experiment), medium (MSD; 9 kg m^?2) and high (HSD; 14 kg m^?2) stocking densities during a period of 63 days. Although disease outbreaks were observed in fish reared at HSD, growth and food consumption did not vary among different treatments. Results from plasma cortisol and free amino acids (FAAs) showed significant differences among different rearing densities pointing to HSD as stressful rearing condition. However, higher plasma glucose and osmolality levels indicated that fish held at MSD may also be under stress. The higher usage of FAAs from the HSD group may be due to the higher demand for energy production in order to cope with stressful rearing conditions, higher rate of protein synthesis or due to synthesis of other important metabolites related to stress response. Therefore, results from the present study point out to HSD as a stressful rearing condition and suggest that crowding stress may affect amino acid requirements.     

西式蒸煮火腿切片货架期褪色与游离氨基酸和生物胺的关系

【目的】限制蒸煮腌肉发展的其中一个主要问题就是冷藏期间褪色导致商品价值的降低以及货架期的缩短,本研究以西式蒸煮火腿切片为对象,研究其货架期褪色与游离氨基酸和生物胺的关系,揭示肉品中含氮化合物对血红素色素及产品表观色泽稳定性的影响,为腌制、蒸煮类肉制品的色泽稳定提供理论指导。【方法】对西式蒸煮火腿切片的色泽参数以及多种游离氨基酸和生物胺同时进行跟踪监测,利用多元统计分析的因子分析方法阐释产品贮藏期间游离氨基酸和生物胺与色泽变化之间的关系,公共因子的提取采用主成分分析法,因子旋转方法采用方差最大正交旋转。【结果】试验中检测到8种生物胺和16种游离氨基酸,生物胺在冷藏期间变化不显著,苏氨酸(Thr)、缬氨酸(Val)、蛋氨酸(Met)、赖氨酸(Lys)和精氨酸(Arg)在冷藏期间变化显著。因子分析中看出,主因子1（F1）主要表达了色泽参数信息,特别是反映红色的红度a*、色饱和度C及红色素亚硝基血色原（NH）,以及直接影响表观色泽的含氮化合物信息,对样本方差的贡献率达到了45.72%;主因子2（F2）主要表达了色调H以及通过影响色调进而影响表观红度的含氮化合物信息,这些含氮物主要是酸性和碱性游离氨基酸,对样本方差的贡献率为21.52%。酪胺(TYR)和精胺(SPM)在F1中的载荷均高达0.98,且与产品的色泽参数均呈显著负相关,这两种生物胺显著影响产品血红素色素及表观色泽的稳定性。色胺(TRY)在F1中的载荷较高（0.78）,且与表观红色度a*及红色素NH呈显著正相关,色胺的存在可以稳定产品的色素NH,改善产品的表观红色;苏氨酸、酪氨酸(Tyr)、缬氨酸、组氨酸(His)、蛋氨酸和亮氨酸(Leu) 直接影响产品的表观色泽,与产品的表观红色度a*显著相关,其中Thr和His与红色度呈显著正相关,Val,Tyr、Met和Leu与红色度呈显著负相关;甘氨酸(Gly)与红色度也呈显著负相关,但在F1中的载荷较低,对产品的表观色泽影响相对较弱。脯氨酸(Pro)在F1中的载荷较高（0.78）,且与色泽参数均显著相关,直接影响表观色泽,只是Pro与黄度b*和亮度L*的相关系数远高于红度,对黄度和亮度比对红度的影响更大;苯丙氨酸(Phe)、赖氨酸和精氨酸在F2中的载荷极高,分别为0.90、0.94和0.97,又与亮度和色调H显著相关,对表观色泽的影响显著,主要通过影响亮度和黄度间接影响表观红色度。谷氨酸(Glu)在F1中的载荷相对较高(0.61),但与红度相关不显著,与黄度和亮度显著相关。【结论】产品基质环境中游离氨基酸和生物胺的存在形式及含量显著影响表观色泽的变化,这种效应可能与这些含氮化合物对基质环境酸碱度的改变以及与卟啉铁的结合或竞争有关。     

优质稻颖果发育过程蛋白四组分和氨基酸含量变化

本文以两个优质籼稻品种为材料研究优质稻颖果在发育进程中蛋白四组分、赖氨酸、色氨酸含量的累积变化过程。结果表明:颖果干重和蛋白质含量从开花后6—21d期间持续增长,尤以花后前16d更甚,两个品种颖果在整个发育过程中干重变化金晚1号呈“S”形曲线,金优1号呈抛物线,蛋白四组分在开花后8-11d期间都有很高的生成速率,赖氨酸的百分含量随颖果成熟度的提高而降低,色氨酸的百分含量变化则相反。     

添加水稻秸秆对油菜(Brassica napusL.)幼苗生长的影响

近几年,水稻秸秆直接还田对油菜幼苗生长的负效应受到关注。有许多研究在水稻残体或腐解物中检测出了酚酸等被广泛证实具有化感作用的物质,因此在水稻秸秆产生的负效应中,化感抑制作用不容忽视。本研究以酚酸为目标化感物质,以湖北省油菜主栽品种"中双11号"为受体,采用4种采自典型稻油轮作系统中的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究水稻秸秆对油菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)整体看来,添加秸秆对油菜幼苗总生物量的主效应在进贤土为正,在汉川土为负,在阳逻和麻城土为无明显影响;(2)功能叶片光合色素含量在全部土壤下的显著降低均出现在播种后33 d之内,与水稻秸秆腐解速率最大值的出现与存在时间上的重叠。秸秆处理对油菜幼苗的负效应在早期强于后期;(3)土壤水溶态酚酸含量为3.3~49.0μg·g-1soil。添加秸秆虽导致土壤中水溶态酚酸浓度增加,但其明显增加主要发生在试验后期,且增量与幼苗生物量化感效应指数呈正相关关系。因此酚酸含量的变化不能解释水稻秸秆的负效应,为揭示秸秆处理的负效应机制,需要转换目标化感物质。     

黄连须根浸提液对无机磷细菌的负化感效应

黄连(Coptis chinensis)是我国人工栽培的传统大宗中药材,种植面积大,连作障碍严重,了解黄连对土壤微生物的化感效应,有益于揭示黄连连作障碍的发生机理,为减轻连作障碍提供科学依据。试验利用固、液培养技术,以3株能溶解无机磷的伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia Yabunchi B05、B07和B09)为材料,研究了黄连须根浸提液(Extracts of fibrous roots of Coptis chinensis,ERC)对其生长繁殖和溶磷的化感作用。结果表明,在固体培养时,随ERC浓度提高,无机磷细菌(Inorganic phosphorus-dissolving bacteria,i PDB)的菌落直径、溶磷圈直径和溶磷指数降低。在液体培养基中,ERC不同程度地抑制i PDB繁殖生长,数量减少35.98%~52.98%。供试菌株均能分泌氢离子、草酸和柠檬酸,B05和B09还能分别分泌乙酸和苹果酸,B07能分泌乙酸和丁二酸,三株i PDB溶磷量平均值(mg L~(-1))分别为228.31(B05)、311.64(B07)和174.89(B09)。有机酸和氢离子分泌总量分别与溶磷量呈显著正相关,相关系数依次为0.877和0.604(p≤0.05,n=12)。在ERC抑制iPDB分泌有机酸和氢离子的同时,溶磷量降低21.68%~60.55%。因此,在集约化种植黄连的土壤中,其根系分泌的化感物质可能影响iPDB的种群结构和生理生态功能,降低土壤无机磷的生物有效性,可视为发生连作障碍的潜在原因之一。     

茶多酚浓度对土壤pH、酚酸及铁铝形态转化的影响

选取雅安市名山区茶园集中分布区的紫色土、黄壤和水稻土为研究对象,向土壤中加入不同浓度的茶多酚,培养3个月后,测定土壤pH值、总酚、水溶性酚、活性铁、络合铁、活性铝、络合铝的含量,分析其变化情况,探讨茶多酚浓度对土壤pH、酚酸及铁铝形态转化的影响,为茶园土壤管理提供科学依据。结果表明:添加茶多酚后,3种土壤均发生酸化现象,其中的紫色土和水稻土添加低浓度茶多酚便可显著酸化,而黄壤只有在添加高浓度茶多酚的条件下才显著酸化。添加高浓度的茶多酚可显著提高3种土壤总酚和水溶性酚含量;添加低浓度茶多酚时,紫色土总酚含量也显著升高,黄壤总酚含量却显著下降,水稻土总酚含量变化不显著。添加茶多酚对黄壤和水稻土活性铁含量无显著影响,但添加高浓度茶多酚可显著降低紫色土活性铁含量;添加茶多酚可显著提高黄壤络合铁含量,但对紫色土和水稻土络合铁含量无显著影响。添加茶多酚可显著降低水稻土的活性铝含量,但对紫色土和黄壤活性铝含量无显著影响,对3种土壤络合铝均无显著影响。土壤酚酸形态和含量可影响土壤酸化及铁铝形态转化。