赖氨酸与蛋白质比例对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清尿素氮及游离氨基酸浓度的影响

本试验选用90头体重为(9.1±1.4)kg的三元(大白×长白×北京黑)杂交商品仔猪 ,研究在中国实际条件下 ,赖氨酸与蛋白质比例对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清尿素氮和血清游离氨基酸浓度的影响 ,以及满足断奶仔猪生长需要适宜的赖氨酸与蛋白质比例。结果表明 ,当日粮赖氨酸与蛋白质比例为5.8g/100g 时 ,仔猪的生长性能和饲料利用效率最好 ,且单位增重成本最低 ;当二者比例小于5.8g/100g(为5.2和5.3g/100g)或大于5.8g/100g(为7.2g/100g)时 ,仔猪的生长性能和饲料利用效率降低。随着日粮蛋白质水平降低以及氨基酸比例接近理想模式 ,血清尿素氮浓度呈线性下降趋势 ,而血清游离赖氨酸浓度呈线性升高趋势。由上可得出仔猪适宜的赖氨酸与蛋白质比例为5.8g/100g。     

Dynamic change of organic acids secreted from wheat roots in Mn deficiency

Through solution culture experiment and liquid chromatogram technique, two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with different tolerances to Mn deficiency were used to study the dynamic change of organic acids secreted from wheat root in the conditions of no Mn, low Mn and normal Mn supply. Nine kinds of organic acids were measured in wheat root exudate. The results showed that there were significant differences of organic acids in root exudate between tolerant genotype and susceptible genotype under Mn-stressed conditions. Tolerant genotype 9023 secreted more organic acids from the plant roots than susceptible genotype CM28. The main organic acid exudate included tartaric acid, malic acid, acetic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid. Of all these acids, the amounts of tartaric acid and malic acid in root exudate showed significant differences between the tolerant genotype and susceptible genotype under Mn-stressed conditions. The results also indicated that secreting organic acids into root rhizosphere was an active response to Mn deficiency for the tolerant genotype of wheat.     

喀斯特山区适生西番莲营养成分分析

本研究通过对喀斯特山区适生西番莲的外在营养成分(横径、纵径、果形指数、单果重、果肉重、种子数)、主要营养成分(水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、总糖、SOD、VC、VE、Ca、Mg、K)、氨基酸成分(17种氨基酸)及含量进行分析,发现平塘1号西番莲水分、SOD、蛋白质、总糖、VC、Ca和K含量高,分别为74.80%、71.20 U/g、2770.00 mg/100g、7260.00 mg/100g、27.40 mg/100g、4.14 mg/100g和4.93 mg/100g;氨基酸含量丰富,含有17 种氨基酸,必需氨基酸(EAA)占总氨基酸(TAA)的38.26%,必需氨基酸(EAA)占非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的61.96%,符合FAO/WTO的理想模式;风味氨基酸(FAA)含量高,为323.08 mg/100 g,占总氨基酸的26.69%,味道鲜美,具有独特风味,故称为“百香果”;同时对西番莲的10种农药残留量进行了检测,合格率为100%,无农药残留。研究结果表明平塘1号西番莲营养成分丰富、营养价值高、产品质量好,有望打造成为贵州特色的精品水果。     

Salmon oil supplementation in dogs affects the blood flow of testicular arteries

The administration of fish oils is known to cause changes in several reproductive parameters of domestic animals. The ingestion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 family, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has been described and correlated with changes in the semen quality, testosterone levels and male fertility. Nevertheless, few studies monitored and registered effects after ceasing supplementation. In the present study, we monitored the Doppler velocimetric and ultrasonographic parameters of nine dogs' testis for 90 days (D90) checking the effect of salmon oil supplementation, and monitoring continued for 60 days more, after ceasing supplementation (D150). Ultrasonographic evaluations comprised determining the Doppler velocimetric parameters, testicular and epididymal volume, and testicular echotexture. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) as well as final diastolic velocity (EDV) in the supratesticular arteries (STA), and marginal artery (MA) increased during the period of treatment and kept that level up to D150. There was no difference between the fish-oil supplementation period and the unsupplemented one regarding the testicular and epididymal volume and echogenicity and heterogeneity characteristics. A negative correlation was found between heterogeneity of testis and sperm production (r = −.41, p = .008). Doppler velocimetry indices were affected by the supplementation, leading to an increase in testicular blood flow.     

西式蒸煮火腿切片货架期褪色与游离氨基酸和生物胺的关系

【目的】限制蒸煮腌肉发展的其中一个主要问题就是冷藏期间褪色导致商品价值的降低以及货架期的缩短,本研究以西式蒸煮火腿切片为对象,研究其货架期褪色与游离氨基酸和生物胺的关系,揭示肉品中含氮化合物对血红素色素及产品表观色泽稳定性的影响,为腌制、蒸煮类肉制品的色泽稳定提供理论指导。【方法】对西式蒸煮火腿切片的色泽参数以及多种游离氨基酸和生物胺同时进行跟踪监测,利用多元统计分析的因子分析方法阐释产品贮藏期间游离氨基酸和生物胺与色泽变化之间的关系,公共因子的提取采用主成分分析法,因子旋转方法采用方差最大正交旋转。【结果】试验中检测到8种生物胺和16种游离氨基酸,生物胺在冷藏期间变化不显著,苏氨酸(Thr)、缬氨酸(Val)、蛋氨酸(Met)、赖氨酸(Lys)和精氨酸(Arg)在冷藏期间变化显著。因子分析中看出,主因子1（F1）主要表达了色泽参数信息,特别是反映红色的红度a*、色饱和度C及红色素亚硝基血色原（NH）,以及直接影响表观色泽的含氮化合物信息,对样本方差的贡献率达到了45.72%;主因子2（F2）主要表达了色调H以及通过影响色调进而影响表观红度的含氮化合物信息,这些含氮物主要是酸性和碱性游离氨基酸,对样本方差的贡献率为21.52%。酪胺(TYR)和精胺(SPM)在F1中的载荷均高达0.98,且与产品的色泽参数均呈显著负相关,这两种生物胺显著影响产品血红素色素及表观色泽的稳定性。色胺(TRY)在F1中的载荷较高（0.78）,且与表观红色度a*及红色素NH呈显著正相关,色胺的存在可以稳定产品的色素NH,改善产品的表观红色;苏氨酸、酪氨酸(Tyr)、缬氨酸、组氨酸(His)、蛋氨酸和亮氨酸(Leu) 直接影响产品的表观色泽,与产品的表观红色度a*显著相关,其中Thr和His与红色度呈显著正相关,Val,Tyr、Met和Leu与红色度呈显著负相关;甘氨酸(Gly)与红色度也呈显著负相关,但在F1中的载荷较低,对产品的表观色泽影响相对较弱。脯氨酸(Pro)在F1中的载荷较高（0.78）,且与色泽参数均显著相关,直接影响表观色泽,只是Pro与黄度b*和亮度L*的相关系数远高于红度,对黄度和亮度比对红度的影响更大;苯丙氨酸(Phe)、赖氨酸和精氨酸在F2中的载荷极高,分别为0.90、0.94和0.97,又与亮度和色调H显著相关,对表观色泽的影响显著,主要通过影响亮度和黄度间接影响表观红色度。谷氨酸(Glu)在F1中的载荷相对较高(0.61),但与红度相关不显著,与黄度和亮度显著相关。【结论】产品基质环境中游离氨基酸和生物胺的存在形式及含量显著影响表观色泽的变化,这种效应可能与这些含氮化合物对基质环境酸碱度的改变以及与卟啉铁的结合或竞争有关。     

Individual response of growing pigs to sulphur amino acid intake

Two N balance experiments were conducted to study the individual response of growing pigs to limiting amino acid (AA) intake. Series of fifteen diets with increasing concentration of sulphur amino acids (SAA, Expt 1) or methionine in the presence of excess cystine (Expt 2) were fed sequentially to nine pigs during a 15-day experimental period. The concentration of the AA under test ranged from 50% to 140% of the requirement while other essential AA were given in a 25% excess relative to the limiting AA. N retention was related to the limiting AA intake using rectilinear and curvilinear models. In Expt 1, the quadratic-plateau model fitted the individual data significantly better (p = 0.01) than the linear-plateau model. No difference was found between the two models in Expt. 2, presumably due to the sparing effect of excess cystine on methionine utilization. Exponential, saturation kinetics or four-parameter logistic models fitted to data for all pigs showed that their goodness of fit was similar to those of quadratic-plateau or linear-plateau models. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between individual plateau values for N retention within each experiment while the slopes of the regression lines did not significantly differ either in Expt 1 (p = 0.07) or Expt 2 (p = 0.45). There was a positive correlation between the slope and plateau values of the linear-plateau model in Expt 1 (r = 0.74, p = 0.02) but no significant correlation was found in Expt 2 (r = -0.48, p = 0.13). Marginal efficiencies of SAA and methionine utilization derived from the linear-plateau model were 0.43 and 0.65 respectively. Based on linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models, daily requirements of SAA and methionine for a 50 kg pig were estimated to be 13.0 and 5.9 g and 14.3 and 6.1 g respectively.     

玉米品种对根际微生物利用光合碳的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,以玉米品种郑单958(ZD)和陕单8806(SD)为对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)联合~(13)CO_2标记技术对不同品种玉米光合同化碳在玉米—根际土壤系统的分配特征以及利用新光合同化碳的微生物群落进行了定量研究。结果表明:ZD的生物量及其植株和根际土壤的~(13)C含量均显著高于相应的SD处理,说明玉米品种能够显著影响光合同化碳的分配。根际土壤中部分PLFA-C百分比和PLFA-~(13)C百分比在两品种间显著不同,且ZD种植土壤中表征细菌(包括革兰氏阳性菌(G~+)和革兰氏阴性菌(G~-))和真菌的PLFA-C及PLFA-~(13)C含量均显著高于种植SD土壤。ZD土壤中表征G~+、G~-、真菌和放线菌的PLFA-~(13)C含量分别占总PLFA-~(13)C的2.4%、33%、35%和0.3%,而上述参数在SD土壤中的值分别为5.9%、55%、11%和1.1%。ZD处理较SD处理提高了真菌/细菌比值,降低了环丙脂肪酸/前体比值。本研究表明根际微生物对光合同化碳的利用受玉米品种的显著影响,G~-和真菌是利用光合同化碳的主要群落。     

Effect of short‐chain fatty acids on triacylglycerol accumulation,lipid droplet formation and lipogenic gene expression in goat mammary epithelial cells

Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major energy sources for ruminants and are known to regulate various physiological functions in other species. However, their roles in ruminant milk fat metabolism are still unclear. In this study, goat mammary gland epithelial cells (GMECs) were treated with 3 mmol/L acetate, propionate or butyrate for 24 h to assess their effects on lipogenesis. Data revealed that the content of triacylglycerol (TAG) and lipid droplet formation were significantly stimulated by propionate and butyrate. The expression of FABP3, SCD1, PPARG, SREBP1, DGAT1, AGPAT6 and ADRP were upregulated by propionate and butyrate treatment. In contrast, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of FASN and LXRα was not affected by propionate, but reduced by butyrate. Acetate had no obvious effect on the content of TAG and lipid droplets but increased the mRNA expression of SCD1 and FABP3 in GMECs. Additionally, it was observed that propionate significantly increased the relative content of mono‐unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C16:1) at the expense of decreased saturated fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0). Butyrate and acetate had no significant effect on fatty acid composition. Overall, the results from this work help enhance our understanding of the regulatory role of SCFAs on goat mammary cell lipid metabolism.     

Differences in shoot growth and zinc concentration of 164 bread wheat genotypes in a zinc‐deficient calcareous soil

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to study severity of the zinc (Zn) deficiency symptoms on leaves, shoot dry weight and shoot content and concentration of Zn in 164 winter type bread wheat genotypes (Triticunt aestivum L.) grown in a Zn‐deficient calcareous soil with (+Zn=10 mg Zn kg^?1 soil) and without (‐Zn) Zn supply for 45 days. Tolerance of the genotypes to Zn deficiency was ranked based on the relative shoot growth (Zn efficiency ratio), calculated as the ratio of the shoot dry weight produced under Zn deficiency to that produced under adequate Zn supply. There was a substantial difference in genotypic tolerance to Zn deficiency. Among the 164 genotypes, 108 genotypes had severe visible symptoms of Zn deficiency (whitish‐brown necrotic patches) on leaves, while in 25 genotypes Zn deficiency symptoms were slight or absent, and the remaining genotypes (e.g., 31 genotypes) showed mild deficiency symptoms. Generally, the genotypes with higher tolerance to Zn deficiency originated from Balkan countries and Turkey, while genotypes originating from the breeding programs in the Great Plains of the United States were mostly sensitive to Zn deficiency. Among the 164 wheat genotypes, Zn efficiency ratio varied from 0.33 to 0.77. The differences in tolerance to Zn deficiency were totally independent of shoot Zn concentrations, but showed a close relationship to the total amount (content) of Zn per shoot. The absolute shoot growth of the genotypes under Zn deficiency corresponded very well with the differences in tolerance to Zn deficiency. Under adequate Zn supply, the 10 most Zn‐ inefficient genotypes and the 10 most Zn‐efficient genotypes were very similar in their shoot dry weight. However, under Zn deficiency, shoot dry weight of the Zn‐efficient genotypes was, on average, 1.6‐fold higher compared to the Zn‐inefficient genotypes. The results of this study show large, exploitable genotypic variation for tolerance to Zn deficiency in bread wheat. Based on this data, total amount of Zn per shoot, absolute shoot growth under Zn deficiency, and relative shoot growth can be used as reliable plant parameters for assessing genotypic variation in tolerance to Zn deficiency in bread wheat.