植物抗氧化剂的研究概况与发展趋势

植物抗氧化剂及其有关活性成分主要有黄酮类化合物、植物多酚、酚酸类化合物、维生素、活性多糖、酶、蛋白质和氨基酸等类型，在生物体内通过电子转移、络合金属离子、联合抗氧化作用和影响基因表达等机理起作用，在食品、医药、保健品和化妆品等方面将有广泛应用。提出应在原料筛选、提取分离方法的创新，多组分协同作用机理和抗氧化活性成分的构效关系等方面深入研究。     

替代寄主被川硬皮肿腿蜂寄生后组织结构及主要生理生化变化

替代寄主 (Coleoptera)被川硬皮肿腿蜂 (SclerodermasichuanensisXiao)雌成蜂寄生后第 10d ,虫体肌肉组织的结构、与骨骼的连接、脂肪组织以及消化道、马氏管、气管等组织系统均发生了明显的变化。同时寄主机体蛋白、氨基酸含量和蛋白水解酶活力等发生了显著的变化 :寄生后第 3～ 6d ,寄主体内蛋白质含量急剧下降 ,第 10d达最低值 340 8780mg·g- 1 ,比寄生当天降低了 17 0 0 % ;而游离氨基酸的含量则逐渐上升 ,第 10d达最大值 2 2 36 2 7mg·g- 1 ,比寄生当天增加了 4 2 4 5 % ,其中Ser、Gly、Ala、Val、Met、Phe、Ile、Leu、Lys、Trp等 10种游离氨基酸组分变化趋势与游离氨基酸总量的变化趋势一致 ;在所检测的 17种游离氨基酸中 ,各寄生时期含量最高者除寄生后第 1d为Tyr外 ,第 3、6、10d均为Ala ,且其含量变化明显 ;而对照各期含量最高者均为Tyr。寄生后第 1～ 3d ,蛋白酶活力迅速上升 ,第 3d达最大值 6 34 786 8μgTyr·g- 1 ·min- 1 ,然后逐渐下降 ,到第 10d接近寄生当天的水平。本文还就替代寄主的蛋白质与氨基酸代谢、川硬皮肿腿蜂的氨基酸营养生理等问题进行了讨论。     

赤桉树叶脂肪酸的定量分析

植物不饱和脂肪酸的含量与植物的抗寒性具有相关性.以赤桉为实验对象,研究了植物叶片用CHCl3和CH3OH混合溶剂浸提、十五酸为内标、KOH-CH3OH-BF3酯化、硅胶脱色、气相色谱定量分析植物叶片中脂肪酸的方法.结果表明:在赤桉树叶中未检出十四酸,检出了棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸;各种脂肪酸的相对响应因子分别为1.000、0.887 9、1.000、0.867 5、0.753 1和0.531 4,相对响应因子的线性值分别为0.999 7、0.997 9、0.999 4、0.997 8、0.996 7和0.994 5,相对标准偏差分别为2.45%、4.00%、3.22%、2.66%、2.40%和1.57%,回收率分别为96.90%、107.40%、98.65%、91.25%、94.15%和92.50%;各种脂肪酸相应的相对响应因子的线性相关系数都在0.99以上,相对标准偏差<5.0%,回收率在85%～110%之间,满足微量成分的定量分析要求.     

沙棘籽油与现代生活习惯病的防治

脂质营养与现代生活习惯病密切相关，亚油酸与α-亚麻酸作为必需脂肪酸对于维持机体正常生理功能必不可缺，而以两者为代表的n-3系列脂肪酸与n=6系列脂肪酸的摄取比例(n=3：n=6)失衡为诸多现代生活习惯病发生与恶化的重要危险因子。正确调整脂质摄取平衡对于防治现代生活习惯病至关重要。最新脂质营养理论倡导科学的摄取平衡应以n-3系列与n-6系列脂肪酸的比例接近1：1为适宜。沙棘籽油含有与脂质营养理论所倡导的亚油酸及α-亚麻酸的适宜比例，且含有一价不饱和脂肪酸、V—A、V—E及胡萝卜索等多种生理活性物质，对于防治现代生活习惯病具有广阔的应用前景。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤中铝的化学行为的影响

本文从Al在土壤中的水解-沉淀、吸附-解吸、活化、迁移、降低毒性以及对含Al矿物的表面性质的影响等方面综述了低分子量有机酸对Al的化学行为的影响,并提出了今后需要进一步加强研究的一些方面。     

Effect of alternative anions (Cl– vs. SO$ _4^{2-} $) on concentrations of free amino acids in young tea plants

The quality of green tea is highly dependent on the concentration of free amino acids, whose profile is dominated by the unique amino acid theanine (N⁵‐ethyl‐glutamine). A high quality is associated with a high amino acid–to–catechin ratio, but previous results indicated that excessive chloride (Cl^–) supply is detrimental for amino acid accumulation. Several experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of chloride on growth and concentrations of free amino acids in young tea plants. Soil‐grown tea plants supplied with different levels of potassium (K) as K₂SO₄ or KCl exhibited increased concentrations of free amino acid in young shoots only when supplied with K₂SO₄, and the negative effect of KCl supply was mainly due to a reduced concentration of theanine. Concentrations of other nutrients in plant tissues were not influenced. The uptake of Cl^– and its interaction with nitrogen (N) uptake were further investigated in a second experiment, in which soil‐cultivated tea plants were supplied with varying amounts of Cl^–. Chloride application reduced yield of young shoots, and severity of leaf damage was related to the concentration of Cl^– in leaves. Nitrogen uptake was reduced by Cl^– addition. To verify whether the decrease of free amino acids was simply a result of inhibited NO assimilation, a third experiment was conducted, in which tea plants were NH ‐fed in the absence or presence (equivalent to the NH concentration) of Cl^–. Again, concentrations of theanine and total free amino acids in young shoots were reduced by Cl^– supply, but changes of the free–amino acid pool did not contribute to the maintenance of charge balance. However, concentration of theanine in roots, where it is synthesized, was not influenced by Cl^–. Total N concentrations of roots and mature leaves, uptake rate of NH , and activity of glutamine synthetase in fibrous roots and young leaves were all unaffected by Cl^– as well. It is suggested that translocation of theanine from root to shoot and its catabolism in young shoots might be influenced by Cl^–.     

Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield,taste, and nutritional quality of tomatoes

In a greenhouse experiment, tomato plants were grown in sand culture to test whether different fertilization regimes (mineral or organic fertilizers) at low (500 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) and high (750 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) nitrogen levels affected yield, nutritional quality, and taste of the fruits. In the mineral‐fertilizer treatments, nitrate‐ or ammonium‐dominated nutrient solutions were used. Organic fertilizer was supplied as fresh cut grass‐clover mulch (a total of 2.4 kg and 3.6 kg were given per plant at low and high N level, respectively) without (orgN) and with additional sulfur fertilization (orgN+S). Yields of red tomatoes from the organically fertilized plants were significantly lower (1.3–1.8 kg plant^–1) than yields from plants that received mineral fertilizer (2.2–2.8 kg plant^–1). At the final harvest, yields of green tomatoes in the organic treatment with extra sulfur were similar (1.1–1.2 kg plant^–1) to the NO ‐dominated treatments at both nutrient levels and the NH ‐dominated treatment at high nutrient level. Organic fertilizers released nutrients more slowly than mineral fertilizers, resulting in decreased S and P concentrations in the leaves, which limited growth and yield in the orgN treatments. Analysis of tomato fruits and plants as well as taste‐test results gave no conclusive answer on the relationship between sugar or acid contents in the fruits, macronutrient content of plant leaves and fruits, and perceived taste. Sugar contents were higher in the fruits given mineral fertilizer, whereas acid contents were higher in the fruits given organic fertilizer. Preference in taste was given to the tomatoes from plants fertilized with the nitrate‐dominated nutrient solution and to those given organic fertilizer with extra sulfur. Thus, a reduction in growth, which was expected to lead to a higher concentration of compounds like sugars and acids, did not result in better taste. Overall, it can be concluded that an appropriate nutrient supply is crucial to reach high yields and good taste.     

蛋氨酸对山羊十二指肠内源氮和氨基酸流量的影响

本试验研究了日粮添加蛋氨酸(Met)对山羊十二指肠内源氮(EN)和内源氨基酸(ENAA)流量的影响.采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3头安装有永久性瘤胃、十二指肠近端瘘管和颈静脉插管、平均体重为(20±2.5)kg的健康湘东黑山羊为试验动物,饲喂3种Met水平分别为0.15%、0.25%和0.35%的试验日粮,采用同位素方法测定Met水平对山羊EN和EN从流量的影响.结果显示:当Met添加水平为0.15%时,十二指肠EN和ENAA流量均最低,但是无显著性差异(P>0.05).以上结果表明:日粮直接添加蛋氨酸对山羊十二指肠EN和ENAA流量没有显著影响作用(P>0.05),同位素稀释法测定反刍动物EN流量较为稳定.     

低蛋白质补充合成氨基酸日粮对9～16周龄宁都三黄鸡生长性能和胴体品质的影响

本研究旨在探讨蛋能比保持一定的情况下,低蛋白质补充前3种限制性氨基酸日粮对9～16周龄宁都三黄鸡生长性能和胴体品质的影响。试验选用160羽体重为(573.1±11.0)g的9周龄健康宁都三黄母鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理4重复,每个重复10羽鸡。处理Ⅰ组(对照组)为玉米-豆粕型日粮,按照我国黄羽肉鸡饲养标准(2004)进行配制,其中代谢能为13.3 MJ/kg、蛋白质含量为16.5%(蛋白质/代谢能=12.3 g/MJ)。处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(试验组)日粮蛋能比与处理Ⅰ组一致,代谢能分别为12.6、11.8、11.0 MJ/kg,蛋白质含量分别为15.5%、14.5%、13.5%。4组日粮均补充了蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸以满足三黄鸡对其需要。结果表明:(1)日粮蛋白质水平由16.5%降至14.5%,9～16周龄宁都三黄鸡日采食量、日增重和料重比无显著影响(P>0.05);当蛋白质降幅达3个百分点时,尽管补充了蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸,但宁都三黄鸡的生长性能受到显著影响(P<0.05);(2)日粮蛋白质水平降低3个百分点,宁都三黄鸡全净膛率显著升高(P<0.05),但对屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率及腿肌率影响不显著(P>0.05);(3)日粮蛋白质水平降低2个百分点及以上同时补充蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸时,宁都三黄鸡的腹脂率显著降低(P<0.05)。综合生长性能和胴体品质指标,在补充前3种限制性氨基酸的情况下,宁都三黄鸡日粮蛋白质降低的幅度不应超过2个百分点。     

20%寡聚酸碘水剂对黄瓜灰霉病的药效试验

20%寡聚酸碘水剂（AS）的有效成分为氨基寡糖素与碘的络合物,采用室内生物活性测定及田间药效试验,以50%乙烯菌核利可湿性粉剂（WP）1 000倍液为对照药剂,评价了20%寡聚酸碘AS对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果。室内抑菌试验结果表明：20%寡聚酸碘AS 1 000倍液、1 500倍液、2 000倍液的抑菌率分别为97.30%、45.90%、14.00%,均低于50%乙烯菌核利WP 1 000倍液（100.00%）。田间药效试验结果表明：20%寡聚酸碘AS 1 000倍液、1 500倍液的田间防效分别为81.66%、74.80%,均高于50%乙烯菌核利WP 1 000倍液（73.87%）。