应用除草剂灭除天然草地毒草对下层植被影响初报

在天然低地草甸上使用除草剂灭除害草光果大戟,试验结果表明,不同浓度的除草剂对草地地上植物生物量产生不同程度的影响,适宜浓度的除草剂能效地灭毒草,提高退化草地植被优良牧草含量和产量。     

杉木多代连栽地营造混交林生产力的初步研究

在三代杉木林采伐迹地营造杉木火力楠混交林（５：２）试验,结果表明：１０年生杉木火力楠混交林林分的生产力和生物量比对照杉木纯林有所提高;单株生物量大小顺序为：混交林中杉木＞纯林杉木＞混交林中火力楠;在根系组成中,火力楠＜０．１ｃｍ须根所占比例（１５．４４％）比杉木（１．７９％）高,混交林林分年凋落物量和枯枝落叶现存量均高于对照的杉木纯林     

The effects of tank colours on the growth and survival of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis,Linnaeus 1758) hatchlings and juveniles

The effects of different tank colours (white, yellow sandy and black) on the growth, mortality and biomass production were studied for hatchling and early juvenile cuttlefish. For hatchlings, the use of different colour tanks did not promote differences in growth due to the higher variability (standard deviation) found in the white‐ and sand‐coloured tanks. Black tanks promoted the lowest and highest values for total mortality and biomass respectively. For juveniles, the use of different tank colours promoted different growth (P<0.05), but not mortality. Black tanks promoted the best results in terms of growth and biomass. The results obtained in the present study advise the use of black (or dark colour) tanks in the hatchling and early juvenile stages to reduce the standard deviations associated with growth, mortality and biomass production. This will contribute to minimize problems associated with slow and fast growers and competition.     

氮饥饿与磷饥饿促使缺刻缘绿藻花生四烯酸含量增加的比较

以富含花生四烯酸(AA)的缺刻缘绿藻H4301为研究对象,探讨了不同光照强度条件下氮饥饿与磷饥饿对藻生物量、AA及脂肪酸含量变化的影响。发现氮饥饿与磷饥饿均降低了藻类的生长速率与生物量,当在60 μmol photons/(m²·s)的低光照强度下,磷饥饿时的藻类平均生长速率最低［0.025 g/(d·L)］,不足BG-11完全培养基中该藻生长速率的一半;氮饥饿与磷饥饿均能提高藻细胞总脂肪酸及AA的含量,但在低光照强度下磷饥饿的促进效果比较差;无论是完全培养基中还是饥饿处理时,200 μmol photons/(m²·s)的高光照强度都不利于藻细胞AA及多不饱和脂肪酸的合成与积累;随着饥饿时间的不断持续,AA占总脂肪酸的百分含量逐渐增加,而亚油酸的百分含量逐渐降低,但在磷饥饿时,油酸的百分含量也增加,特别在高光照强度下,以油酸为主的单不饱和脂肪酸含量在第27天时占细胞干重的5.28%,以致AA含量的增加没有氮饥饿时的显著。从脂肪酸成分的变化来分析,该藻在氮或磷饥饿过程中主要是从亚油酸到γ-亚麻酸再到20∶3ω6这个途径来合成并积累AA,其中Δ6去饱和酶是限速酶,而ω3去饱和酶催化步骤受饥饿处理的负调控对确保AA的合成与积累有较大的积极作用。氮饥饿使藻细胞蛋白质合成受阻以及磷饥饿使核酸合成、糖类与能量代谢产生障碍,从而阻止藻类的生长并迫使细胞代谢流转向不含氮和磷的脂肪酸合成代谢,以提高藻细胞总脂肪酸及AA含量。     

Is it possible to differentiate between environmental and fishery effects on abundance‐biomass variation? A case study of blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) in the Strait of Gibraltar

We assessed the potential for simulation and modelling of the blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) population in the Strait of Gibraltar to discriminate the environmental effects of fishery impacts. A discrete biomass–abundance dynamic model was implemented to obtain a simulated monthly time series of blackspot seabream biomass. On this simulated time series, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were fitted. The best ARIMA fit provided a significant correlation of 0.76 and persistence index higher than 0.85. The proportion of variance non‐explained by the ARIMA models was correlated with a time series of sea surface temperature (SST) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The analysis of global, annual and winter correlation between the proportion of variance not explained by the ARIMA models and environmental variables showed that significant associations were not detected over the full time series. Our analysis therefore suggests that overexploitation is the main factor responsible for the commercial depletion of blackspot seabream in the Strait of Gibraltar.     

硇洲马尾藻的繁殖特性及体长生物量的季节变动

广东特产的硇洲马尾藻是一种具有食用、药用价值的大型褐藻,有望开发成人工育苗栽培的新种类。2009年7月至2010年6月,原生态定点观察周年各月其体长和生物量等季节变动情况,结果发现,藻体假多年生,异株、异托。8—10月为体止期,11月至翌年4月中旬为生长期,4月中旬至6月初是繁殖期,6月初至7月底为衰老期。自然种群的繁衍和维持以假根再生为主,有性繁殖为辅。假根周年各月均可再生小苗,拔除假根,严重破坏种群繁衍,保留假根的剪收可以使第二年相同面积、同一时间的同种藻体的现存生物量明显增加。分布在水深2 m以内,宽5～10 m的潮间带岩礁上,11月开始加速生长,到5月上旬藻体长度生长达到最大值,原生态藻体的生物量表现出明显的季节变化,基本上与体长生长保持同步增长,最大生物量可达1 280 g/m²,最大单株藻体长1.73 m,最大单株质量可达250 g。     

对辊柱塞式成型机设计与试验

基于生物质固化成型领域活塞冲压式成型机能耗低、生产率低和模辊式成型机生产率高、能耗高的特点,提出一种新型对辊式成型方式,并设计和制造了样机。该成型机压辊圆周上均布了一系列柱塞,运行过程中压辊柱塞与环模模孔相互啮合,避免了成型孔之外的物料受到压辊的挤压与摩擦。为测试该成型机的性能,进行了正交试验研究,结果表明,该成型机的较优成型参数为:含水率15%,成型模具长径比5.25,主轴转速47.25 r/min。以木屑为原料,在较优成型参数的条件下进行了成型机性能指标的测试,结果表明,该成型机生产的成型颗粒直径为10 mm,成型颗粒密度为1.15 g/cm3,机械耐久性为96.28%,生产率为75 kg/h,能耗为56 k W·h/t,成型率为95%,工作噪声为79 d B,各项指标均达到设计要求,实现了连续稳定生产。     

Effects of density and food ration on the growth rate, mortality and biomass return of abalone in slab tanks

We determined how varying stocking density and food ration can influence the growth, mortality and biomass return of abalone raised in slab tanks. The abalone used were 2- year-old hybrids of Haliotis laevigata and Haliotis rubra . The experimental design involved replicate tanks and three levels of each factor (normal practice and ±20% density or food ration). Although increasing density from that typically used in farm practices reduced the growth rate by roughly 6%, biomass return increased by 15.5%, over the 9-month period. Increasing feed ration by 20% boosted biomass by significantly increasing abalone growth during the first 3 months by 4%, but was less effective as the animals grew. Growth, mortality and food conversion ratios were optimized in tanks with a low density and a low feed ration, but economic gains were dominated by the increased biomass return from tanks with a higher stocking density. It is thought that reduced dissolved oxygen and differing access to food contributed to the patterns observed.     

东海水产养殖区七种海鞘优势种相关活性物质研究进展与利用前景

海鞘是主要海洋污损生物之一,对海洋生物多样性、海水养殖和生态环境都有不利影响。本文简述了中国东海几个主要水产养殖区7种海鞘优势种生物量、相关的次生代谢产物及其生物活性的研究进展,并对其利用前景进行了展望,为进一步研究开发提供依据。