基于缩节胺调控的免打顶棉花群体结构及产量分析

【目的】基于缩节胺调控的免打顶研究棉花农艺性状、冠层结构、光分布及产量的变化规律,为棉花轻简化栽培提供依据。【方法】选用对缩节胺相对敏感的品种新陆早67号(P₁)、Z901(P₂)、Z903(P₃)和澳棉sic75(P₄)为试验材料,采用缩节胺调控的免打顶方式,以人工打顶为对照(新陆早60号,CK),测定棉花农艺性状、冠层结构、透光率、干物质累积与分配及产量等指标。【结果】与人工打顶相比,免打顶棉花株高、果枝数和叶龄均显著增加,其中P₂株高、果枝数增幅均最大,分别达到了45.2%和100%;P₃叶龄的增幅较大,为39.4%。P₁叶面积指数峰值最大,P₂在达到峰值后降幅最小,仅19.6%;P₁冠层开度谷值最小,P₃在达到谷值后增幅最小;P₂叶倾角峰值最大,比CK高3.4%,P₃叶倾角峰值最小,仅比CK高0.91%。冠层各部位透光率在生育后期均表现为增加的趋势,以P₄上部透光率增幅最大,达到了27.1%,P₃增幅最小,仅为10.7%,P₂中部透光率增幅最大,达到了28.3%、P₄增幅最小,仅为14.6%,P₃下部增幅透光率增幅最大,达到了23.9%,P₄增幅最小,仅4.0%;P₃生殖器官和营养器官干物质量比例最大,达到了2.2∶1,P₁次之,为2.1∶1,但单株总干物质量累积增加最大,为81.9 g/株。P₁和P₃籽棉产量与CK相比差异不显著。【结论】选用对缩节胺敏感的棉花品种新陆早67号和Z903,于出苗、两叶一心、头水前、二水前、7月5日、7月12日前后分别喷施缩节胺(45+30+30+30+120+150)g/hm²,全程调控替代人工打顶,在不显著降低棉花产量的基础上,可降低生产成本46%,增加植棉效益。     

Alcohol diluent provides the optimal formulation for calcium chloride non-surgical sterilization in dogs

Background

Surgical castration is widely used to sterilize male dogs, but has significant impacts on time to perform the operation, recovery of the animals as well as cost, which can limit population control programs. Previous research has shown intratesticular injection of calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂) in saline to be a promising alternative to surgery. However, long-term azoospermia was not maintained at dosages low enough to avoid side effects. In the search for an optimized formulation, the current investigation is the first study on long-term sterilization effects of intratesticular injection of CaCl₂ in either lidocaine solution or alcohol in dogs. CaCl₂ at 20% concentration in lidocaine solution or alcohol was administered via intratesticular injection to groups of 21 dogs each. The treated animals were examined at 2, 6, and 12 months for sperm production, blood levels of testosterone, and side effects; at time zero and 12 months for testicular size and semen volume. The experimentally treated animals were compared to a control group receiving saline injection only.

Results

Testicles of dogs treated with CaCl₂ in either diluent significantly decreased in size. After administration of CaCl₂ in lidocaine solution, sterility was achieved for at least 12 months in 75% of treated dogs. However, optimal long-term contraceptive effectiveness was achieved with CaCl₂ in alcohol, which resulted in azoospermia over the 12-month study period. Testosterone levels significantly decreased following treatment with CaCl₂, and sexual activity disappeared. Although testosterone returned to baseline levels by 12 months for the group treated with CaCl₂ in lidocaine, dogs injected with CaCl₂ in alcohol had a 63.6% drop in testosterone level, which remained at the low end of physiological range throughout the study. No adverse effects were noted.

Conclusions

A single, bilateral intratesticular injection of 20% CaCl₂ in 95% ethanol was a reliable method for induction of sterilization in 18–28 kg male dogs in this study. The approach showed long-term efficacy and reduced sexual behavior. This chemical method of sterilization might provide an effective, efficient alternative to surgical castration that can have positive impacts on dog welfare.     

Expression of TMEM16A as a calcium-activated chloride channel in Fischer rat thyroid follicular epithelial cells and its electrophysiologic pro-perties

AIM：To investigate the expression of transmembrane protein 16A(TMEM16A) in Fischer rat thyroid follicular epithelial (FRT) cells and its electrophysiologic properties. METHODS：The eukaryotic expression vector of pUB6/V5-TMEM16A was constructed and transfected into FRT cells by liposome-mediated transfection. In order to obtain the high efficiency of gene transfection and expression, the quantity and ratio of lipid/DNA complexes were optimized. The FRT cells stably expressing TMEM16A were gained by the selection with blasticidin and confirmed by the techniques of RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The expression and location of TMEM16A in the FRT cells were observed under an inverted fluorescence microscope. TMEM16A protein was associated with calcium-dependent chloride current, as measured with halide-sensitive fluorescent protein and patch-clamp technique. RESULTS：The results of double digestion and sequencing indicated that TMEM16A was cloned into pUB6/V5. The results of RT-PCR and immunofluorescence confirmed that TMEM16A was expressed in the FRT cells after transfection with TMEM16A. The classical calcium-activated chloride channel currents were recorded in the FRT cells stably expressing TMEM16A by the technique of patch-clamp and halide-sensitive fluorescent protein YFP-H148Q/I152L. CONCLUSION：The protein expression of TMEM16A in the FRT cells was observed. TMEM16A is the molecular identity of calcium-activated chloride channels.     

The evaluation of secondary stress response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Val. 1844) after exposing to the saline water

The stress response of grass carp to salinity was evaluated assessing the levels of hematocrit, leucocrit, plasma glucose, sodium, potassium and calcium. Mean hematocrit values increased following exposure to salinity. Mean leucocrit values elevated after exposure to salinity for 24 h, then decreased. Mean plasma glucose increased during saline exposure for 48 h and then decreased to normal values. Plasma sodium and chloride levels were increased to their highest values after 48 h. While plasma potassium value increased with the exposure time, plasma calcium values were not affected by salinity exposure.     

Induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai larvae using bromomethane and potassium chloride

Larvae of Haliotis discus hannai were induced to settle and metamorphose by exposure to seawater supplemented with bromomethane. The settlement and metamorphosis of veliger larvae were observed with bromomethane concentrations of 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 ppm on the benthic diatom plates. The highest settlement and metamorphosis rates of larvae were observed in bromomethane concentrations of 600 ppm.

Abalone larvae were induced to settle and metamorphose by exposure to seawater supplemented with potassium chloride. The settlement and metamorphosis of veliger larvae was observed in potassium chloride concentrations of 14, 19, 24 and 29 mM on the benthic diatom plates. The highest settlement and metamorphosis rates of larvae were observed in potassium chloride concentrations of 14–19 mM.     

Improved survival of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan) and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) fingerlings using low-dose quinaldine and benzocaine during transport

The effects of fingerlings immersion in low‐dose benzocaine (15 and 30 mg L⁻¹, silver carp and rohu) and quinaldine (100 μL L⁻¹ silver crap and 250 μL L⁻¹ rohu) for 1, 3 and 6 h on stress responses and survival of rohu, Labeo rohita and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix fingerlings were evaluated in a transport simulation experiment. Both quinaldine and benzocaine showed low mortalities (0–2%). The total mortality in control (with no anaesthesia) was 30% for rohu and 14% for silver carp. Quinaldine and benzocaine‐treated fingerlings had significantly higher plasma chloride levels than the control in both species. Benzocaine, quinaldine, as well as the control, had an initial elevation of plasma cortisol levels. Benzocaine lost its effectiveness after 3 h exposure while quinaldine persisted throughout the 6 h experimental period. Both sedatives reduced bacterial build‐up compared with the control. No post‐exposure mortality was observed for any of the transport methods assessed 48 h after the treatment. This study suggests that the use of low‐dose benzocaine or quinaldine during transport has positive effect on the survival and health of rohu and silver carp fingerlings.     

壳寡糖及其复合聚合氯化铝絮凝微藻富集的研究

［目的］ 为了找到可以加速微藻富集的合适絮凝剂。［方法］ 制备了壳聚糖的降解产物壳寡糖,用于绿色巴夫藻（Pavlovaviridis Tseng, Chen et Zhang）和小球藻（Chloreiia spp.） 絮凝富集。［结果］ 终浓度为30 mg/L以上的壳寡糖溶液对2种藻类具有显著的促沉降效应。当壳寡糖与6 mg/L聚合氯化铝混合使用时,壳寡糖/聚合氯化铝促沉降效应明显提高。［结论］ 壳寡糖可以用于微藻大规模生产的采收。     

鲁北夏玉米施锌效果及其影响因素

2010~2012年,通过玉米锌肥施用技术试验,重点研究了玉米施用锌肥的有效性及影响玉米锌肥效果的相关因素。结果表明:鲁北褐土化潮土上施用锌肥一般增产14.3%左右;以666.7m2基施1.0~2.0kg锌肥效果较佳,叶面喷施则以0.20%浓度硫酸锌效果最佳,喷施时期以苗期和拔节期施用效果较好,土壤有效锌含量在0.6 mg/kg以下时施用锌肥有稳定的增产效果。     

配施硼、锌肥及施用方法对芝麻生长及产量的影响

以黑芝麻赣芝9号为材料,在等量复合肥作为底肥施用的条件下,研究了硼肥、锌肥作为底肥施用和作叶面肥喷施对芝麻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,锌肥作为底肥施用芝麻产量最高,其次是硼肥作为叶面肥喷施。锌肥作为叶面肥喷施,对芝麻也有显著的增产效果,而硼肥作为底肥施用远不如作为叶面肥喷施的增产效果明显。锌肥和硼肥作为叶面肥以及硼肥作为底肥均能增加芝麻的叶绿素含量。     

土壤施锌和叶面喷锌对风沙土玉米Zn吸收与积累的影响

【目的】研究土施和叶面喷施锌肥条件下玉米吸收、积累锌的规律,旨在为科学调控玉米锌营养状况、提高玉米籽粒锌含量提供理论依据。【方法】2011年在吉林风沙土地区采用大田试验,研究了土施锌肥(0kg/hm2(S0)、3.4kg/hm2(S3.4)、6.8kg/hm2(S6.8)、10.2kg/hm2(S10.2))和叶面喷施锌肥(0kg/hm2(F0),2.25kg/hm2(F))共计7个处理(S0F0(对照)、S3.4F0、S6.8F0、S10.2F0、S0F、S3.4F、S6.8F)对玉米各生育期植株锌含量、籽粒锌含量、籽粒产量和地上部分生物量以及锌肥利用率、Zn吸收总量和Zn吸收速率的影响。【结果】玉米植株中Zn的含量随着土施锌肥量的增加而增大,苗期较S0F0处理增加了2.7~8.5倍,其他生育期增加幅度有所降低;与S0F0处理相比,S3.4F0、S6.8F0、S10.2F0可以使玉米增产9.7%~37.7%,地上部分生物量增加6.2%~20.4%,玉米Zn吸收总量增加21.5%~81.9%。土施+叶面喷施锌肥处理比单独土施锌肥增产5.5%~17.0%,生物量增加18.5%~30.8%。【结论】土施+叶面喷施锌肥可以明显提高玉米籽粒锌含量和籽粒产量。