氯化胆碱对烟草植株生长的促进效应

对烟草喷施不同浓度（０，５０，２００，３００，５００和１０００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）的氯化胆碱（ＣＣ）后，可提高烟草的株高，尤其对茎粗生长、叶数和叶面积等有明显的促进作用。ＣＣ对增强烟草苗期根系活力和提高苗期的抗寒性也有明显作用。其中以喷施２００和３００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１的ＣＣ者对烟草生长的促进效果最大。     

氯化钠影响下蓝藻Anabaena 7120的固氮活性和去铵阻抑

正常培养液中NaCl浓度增高时,蓝藻固氮活性明显下降,去铵阻抑速率也减慢。NaCl浓度越高,阻抑程度越大。如果NaCl浓度过高,固氮酶活性即完全丧失,铵阻抑效应也不能消除。低光照度、光合抑制剂、O_2、N_2以及N_2+CO_2都加剧高浓度NaCl对蓝藻固氮酶活性和去铵阻抑的阻抑,而外源蔗糖、H_2和H_2+O_2则有一定程度的促进。     

Organic chlorine and chloride in submerged paddy soil: a case study in Anhui province, southeast China

Abstract. Efforts to understand the fate of organochlorine compounds in arable soil have concentrated on anthropogenic compounds, in spite of the fact that organochlorine compounds are both produced and mineralized in soil through natural processes. In order to understand the fate of chlorinated pesticides, it is necessary to take account of the natural chlorine cycle. The present study is a first attempt to illuminate the relationship between the natural chlorine cycle and agricultural practices. The concentration and storage of organic chlorine (Cl_org) and chloride (Cl_inorg) were determined in topsoil of a paddy field compared to an adjacent afforested hill at a sampling site in the Meicun area, Anhui Province, China. The concentration of Cl_org, as well as the chlorine-to-carbon ratio, was significantly lower in the paddy field samples than in the forest soil samples. A weak relationship between the concentration of Cl_org and the organic carbon content was observed in the paddy field, in contrast to the observations made in the adjacent forest soil as well as those made in previous studies, which have suggested a positive correlation between organic carbon content and Cl_org. The similarity between our results at the forest site and the previous studies, which have been carried out in temperate regions, suggests that it is the land use rather than the climate that makes the current paddy soil results different. Our results suggest that the contribution of Cl_org to the paddy soil from above-ground litter and from production within the soil are small or negligible compared with the contribution from pesticide application and wet and dry deposition.     

Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants

The increasing frequency of dry periods in many regions of the world and the problems associated with salinity in irrigated areas frequently result in the consecutive occurrence of drought and salinity on cultivated land. Currently, 50% of all irrigation schemes are affected by salinity. Nutrient disturbances under both drought and salinity reduce plant growth by affecting the availability, transport, and partitioning of nutrients. However, drought and salinity can differentially affect the mineral nutrition of plants. Salinity may cause nutrient deficiencies or imbalances, due to the competition of Na⁺ and Cl^– with nutrients such as K⁺, Ca²⁺, and NO . Drought, on the other hand, can affect nutrient uptake and impair acropetal translocation of some nutrients. Despite contradictory reports on the effects of nutrient supply on plant growth under saline or drought conditions, it is generally accepted that an increased nutrient supply will not improve plant growth when the nutrient is already present in sufficient amounts in the soil and when the drought or salt stress is severe. A better understanding of the role of mineral nutrients in plant resistance to drought and salinity will contribute to an improved fertilizer management in arid and semi‐arid areas and in regions suffering from temporary drought. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on plant nutrition under drought and salinity conditions. Specific topics include: (1) the effects of drought and salt stress on nutrient availability, uptake, transport, and accumulation in plants, (2) the interactions between nutrient supply and drought‐ or salt‐stress response, and (3) means to increase nutrient availability under drought and salinity by breeding and molecular approaches.     

腰果酚基乙酸酯增塑剂的合成及其增塑聚氯乙烯性能

为了进一步利用农林剩余物资源替代石化原料,该研究以腰果酚为原料,通过对其酚羟基进行酯化改性,制备腰果酚基乙酸酯(cardanol acetate,CA)增塑剂。采用核磁共振氢谱(1H nuclear magnetic resonance,1H NMR)和核磁共振碳谱(13C nuclear magnetic resonance,13C NMR)对产物的结构进行表征。通过动态力学性能(dynamic thermo mechanical analysis,DMA),拉伸性能测试,热重分析(thermogravimetric analysis,TGA),以及与聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)共混样品的傅里叶红外分析(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)等方法,评价腰果酚基乙酸酯作为辅助增塑剂应用于软质聚氯乙烯的增塑效果,并与商业增塑剂对苯二甲二辛酯(bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate,DOTP)进行对比。研究结果表明,m(DOTP)∶m(CA)=4∶6为较佳配伍比例,共混体系的玻璃化转变温度由41.52℃降低至35.93℃,断裂伸长率由244.75%增加到了302.13%,热稳定性及相容性均得到有效改善,因此腰果酚基乙酸酯可用作聚氯乙烯的优良辅助增塑剂。研究结果为腰果酚在增塑剂领域的应用提供了参考。     

The effect of Lumbricus rubellus and Lumbricus terrestris on zinc distribution and availability in artificial soil columns

This study investigated the impact of epigeic and (epi)anecic earthworms on the distribution and availability of zinc in the soil profile. Experiments were carried out with Lumbricus rubellus and Lumbricus terrestris in perspex columns (Ø 10 cm), filled with 20 to 23 cm non-polluted soil [organic matter 2%, clay 2.9%, pH 6.4 (0.01 M CaCl₂)], that was covered by a 3- to 5-cm layer of aged zinc-spiked soil (500 mg Zn/kg dry soil) and another 2 cm non-polluted soil on top. After 80 days, columns were sacrificed and sampled in a depth profile. Earthworm casts, deposited on top of the soil, were collected. Each sample was analyzed for total and 0.01 M CaCl₂-exchangeable zinc concentrations. L. rubellus did not go deeper than 3 cm into the soil and therefore no effect on zinc distribution in the soil could be detected. For L. terrestris, total zinc concentrations in the non-polluted layers were slightly but significantly higher in columns with earthworms, and so were the CaCl₂-exchangeable zinc concentrations in the polluted layers of these columns. Casts of L. terrestris collected from the soil surface showed higher total zinc concentrations than those from non-polluted soil. Casts were mainly placed on top of the soil. This study showed that these epigeic and (epi)anecic species have only a slight effect on zinc availability, and that deep burrowing species, like L. terrestris, are able to transport polluted soil from deeper layers to the soil surface.     

氯化钠不同浓度对夏玉米生长和吸氮的影响

采用珍珠岩为基质的温室盆栽试验,研究不同盐分(NaCl)水平对夏玉米生长和吸氮的影响。试验设灌溉水中NaCl浓度为0、10、20、40和60mmol.L5个处理。结果表明,在出苗后的25～101d(7月25日～10月10日),当NaCl浓度达到60mmol.L时,明显降低了夏玉米的叶面积、株高、干物质量和根长;盐分对植株体内各器官的氮含量影响不大。随着NaCl含量的增加,植株的总氮累积量将减少,且植株中累积氮量随时间呈二次函数增长。     

Zinc fertilization of lentil for grain yield and grain zinc concentration in ten Saskatchewan soils

Fertilization of grain legumes with zinc (Zn) can affect both marketable yield and Zn content of the grain, which is important in addressing human nutritional deficiencies in certain regions of the world. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the response of three different market classes of lentil to Zn fertilization using ten surface soils from Saskatchewan (Canada). The distribution of Zn among labile and stable fractions chemically separated from the soil was also determined in the ten prairie soils and related to the lentil responses observed. The three market classes of lentils (large and small green, small red) were grown without Zn (control), and with 2.5 and 5 kg Zn ha^?1 added as zinc sulfate to each soil prior to planting. Zinc fertilizer application significantly influenced grain yield and was soil dependent. A significant increase in grain yield over the control was observed from application of Zn on some low organic matter, high pH Brown Chernozem soils whereas a decrease in grain yield over control was observed in other soils such as a Black Chernozem of high organic matter content and low (<7) pH. Lack of positive yield response to addition of Zn were related to measured high diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable and plant root simulator (PRS) resin membrane probe Zn, and large amounts of native Zn in exchangeable and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) oxide bound fractions. Application of Zn fertilizer generally increased the grain concentration of Zn. For example, an increase of ～20% in Zn concentration over control was observed when 5 kg Zn ha^?1 was added to a loamy textured low organic matter Brown Chernozem soil. Overall, small green lentil was more consistent in producing a positive response to Zn fertilizer application on soils with low plant available Zn compared to large green lentil and small red lentil.     

The effect of two endogeic earthworm species on zinc distribution and availability in artificial soil columns

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of earthworm bioturbation on the distribution and availability of zinc in the soil profile.Experiments were carried out with Allolobophora chlorotica and Aporrectodea caliginosa in 24 perspex columns (∅ 10 cm), filled with 20-23 cm non-polluted soil (OM 2%, clay 2.9%, pH 0.01 M CaCl₂ 6.4), that was covered by a 3-5 cm layer of aged zinc spiked soil (500 mg Zn/kg dry soil) and another 2 cm non-polluted soil on top. After 80 and 175 days, columns were sacrificed and each cm from the top down to a depth of 15 cm was sampled. Earthworm casts, placed on top of the soil, were collected. Each sample was analyzed for total and CaCl₂-exchangeable zinc concentrations.Effects of earthworm bioturbation were most pronounced after 175 days. For A. chlorotica, total and CaCl₂-exchangeable zinc concentrations in the polluted layers were lower with than without earthworms. Total zinc concentrations in the non-polluted layers were higher in columns with earthworms. Casts of A. chlorotica collected on the soil surface showed slightly higher total zinc concentrations than non-polluted soil. Casts were found throughout the whole column. For A. caliginosa there were no differences in total zinc concentration between columns with and without earthworms. CaCl₂-exchangeable zinc concentrations in the polluted layers were lower for columns with earthworms. Casts were mainly placed on top of the soil and contained total zinc concentrations intermediate between those in non-polluted and polluted soil layers.This study shows that different endogeic earthworm species have different effects on zinc distribution and availability in soils. A. chlorotica transfers soil throughout the whole column, effectively mixing it, while A. caliginosa decreases metal availability and transfers polluted soil to the soil surface.     

A non-ACC pathway for ethylene biosynthesis in Botrytis cinerea

Premature softening and tissue senescence occur in kiwifruit infected with Botrytis cinerea. While ethylene production is enhanced in infected fruit and B. cinerea produces ethylene on defined media in vitro the source of ethylene in this pathosystem is unclear. Ethylene production by B. cinerea was enhanced when methionine or ∝-keto-methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA) was added to a defined (modified Pratts) medium. Although 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) did not stimulate ethylene production, ∝-aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) was inhibitory suggesting a role for a pyridoxal phosphate mediated enzyme reaction down stream from the methionine/KMBA stimulated ethylene biosynthetic pathway. Cobalt chloride (Co²⁺) was inhibitory, but after a 4-d lag period ethylene production from B. cinerea cultures containing methionine and Co²⁺ reached the same level as those without Co²⁺. [U ¹⁴C] methionine was converted to ¹⁴C-ethylene with high efficiency indicating that it is a direct precursor, while [2,3 ¹⁴C]-ACC did not yield radioactively labelled ethylene. These results suggest that the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in B. cinerea does not involve ACC as a precursor and that the enzyme responsible for synthesising ethylene is similar to, but different from, ACC oxidase from higher plants. The ethylene biosynthetic pathway in B. cinerea is yet to be determined.