茄子新品种沪茄二号和沪茄三号选育

沪茄二号和沪茄三号是适宜国内外茄子设施栽培地区和露地种植的优良茄子杂交一代。沪茄二号单果重153.0 g，每株座果数18.7个。沪茄三号单果重166.5 g，每株座果数16.1个。以上两个杂交一代均表现早熟，果实长棒形，果皮深紫黑色，光泽强，果形直，商品性优良，果实干物质含量和可溶性总糖高，持续结果能力强，前期产量和总产量高等优良综合性状。     

“东优1号”杂色鲍及其亲本群体肌肉营养成分的比较分析

对日本、台湾杂色鲍及其杂交后代("东优1号")足肌的营养成分进行比较分析。结果表明,"东优1号"的粗蛋白含量显著低于日本群体但高于台湾群体,粗脂肪含量高于双亲;"东优1号"和日本群体足肌的EAA、总氨基酸及呈味氨基酸的含量均显著高于台湾群体(P0.05);3种鲍足肌的SRCAA均大于80%,且E/T、E/N均符合FAO/WHO的蛋白模式;"东优1号"的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和必需脂肪酸(EFA)总量均显著低于双亲,不饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于台湾群体而高于日本群体,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)n-6和n-3的比值低于双亲,ΣPUFA与ΣSFA的比值高于双亲。3种鲍足肌均含有种类齐全、比例合理的氨基酸,脂肪酸营养丰富、结构均衡,具有较高的营养价值,是优质的蛋白源。"东优1号"的营养成分较好地综合了双亲的优良性状,部分性状优于双亲,更符合人类健康饮食的要求。     

辣椒新品种天椒16 号的选育

天椒16 号是以45-2-1-1-1-1 为母本,以76-1-1-1-1-1 为父本配制而成的辣椒一代杂种。中熟,始花节位为第 10～12 节。果实羊角形,青熟果深绿色,果面皱,果长25.56 cm,果径5.83 cm,单果质量103.8 g,辣味淡,具有良好的商 品性。每667 m² 产量可达5 000 kg 以上,田间对辣椒病毒病、疫病、炭疽病和白粉病的抗性强于对照陇椒2 号。适宜在甘 肃省进行保护地和露地栽培。     

覆盖免耕土壤棵间蒸发的研究

本文以翻耕、铁茬等常规耕作为对照,采用Micro-1ysimeter对覆盖免耕夏玉米田的土壤棵间蒸发进行了较为系统地研究。同翻耕、铁茬等相比,免耕有效地减少土壤棵间蒸发,免耕土壤日蒸发量最低,铁茬其次,翻耕最高;从阶段土壤棵间蒸发量变化看,翻耕的蒸发量较高,前期与免耕和铁茬差异较大,后期差异减小,免耕最低;从蒸发占蒸散的比例看,翻耕蒸发比例高,免耕比例最低。免耕可以有效地减少土壤蒸发量,增加作物蒸腾耗水。     

Influence of tillage practices and nutrient management on crack parameters in a Vertisol of central India

The frequency, size and rate of development of cracks influence the transport of water, nutrients and gases in the soil profile and plant growth processes in Vertisols. Despite their importance, studies on characterising cracks in Vertisols of India are limited. This study attempts to evaluate the influence of different tillage practices, nutrient management and cropping systems on cracking behaviour of a Vertisol in central India. The length, depth, width, area and volume of cracks were recorded after the harvest of the wet season crops, i.e. soybean (Glycine max L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) from three ongoing tillage experiments with three different cropping systems, i.e. soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean–linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and rice–wheat. The results revealed that all the crack parameters were significantly negatively correlated with the water content of the 0–15 cm soil layer and, crack width and crack volume were significantly positively correlated with the bulk density of the 0–15 cm soil layer. Gravimetric water content and bulk density of the 0–15 cm soil layer together explained 79% variation in the crack volume. The crack volume was significantly negatively correlated (r=0.86,P=0.01) with the root length density of the previous soybean crop. Rice grown under puddled condition significantly enhanced different crack parameters viz., length, depth, width, surface area and volume of the cracks over nonpuddled direct seeded rice. Sub-soiling practised in soybean under the soybean–linseed system significantly reduced the width, depth, length and surface area of cracks by 12.5, 10, 5 and 12%, respectively, over conventional tillage. No tillage practised in soybean under soybean–wheat system resulted in significant increase in width, depth and volume of the cracks but decrease in length and surface area of cracks over conventional tillage and mould board tillage practice. Application of manure reduced the magnitude of different crack parameters in soybean–linseed cropping system. Thus cracking in Vertisols can be favourably managed by the selection of proper tillage practice, cropping system and organic manure amendments.     

黄土塬区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对表层土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响

【目的】研究不同耕作、覆盖措施对土壤理化性质及对作物农艺性状的影响,为选择适合黄土高原沟壑区最佳耕作、覆盖措施提供参考。【方法】田间定位试验设置12个处理,分别为传统耕作、传统耕作+膜上种植、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖、传统耕作+膜侧种植、传统耕作+全膜覆盖、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖、隔年耕作、免耕、免耕+地膜覆盖、免耕+秸秆覆盖、免耕+生草覆盖、免耕+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖,每个处理3个重复。于2014年对已持续12年的不同耕作、覆盖措施土壤理化性质与农艺指标进行测定与分析。【结果】免耕处理降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤饱和导水率和4月下旬至10月上旬表层土壤含水量,降低了作物出苗期温度,降低了成熟期土壤全磷与速效磷含量,降低了株高、叶面积指数和产量。相反,地膜覆盖极显著增加了土壤容重(P < 0.01),显著降低了土壤饱和导水率(P < 0.05),降低了成熟期土壤有机质、全氮含量,有较为明显的保持和调节温度的作用,不同类型的地膜覆盖均能极显著提高玉米株高和叶面积指数进而提高产量(P < 0.01)。秸秆覆盖对土壤容重和含水量的影响与耕作方式有关,翻耕条件下,秸秆覆盖增加了土壤容重;免耕条件下,降低了土壤容重且均不显著。翻耕+秸秆覆盖土壤表层含水量最高;免耕+秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水量最低。但秸秆覆盖下土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、作物株高、叶面积指数和产量与未覆盖时相比均有增加,影响皆达到显著水平(P < 0.05),且均有降低地表温度的作用。【结论】免耕虽有利于改良土壤物理性状,却较传统耕作降低了作物产量。免耕条件下秸秆+地膜处理显著提高作物产量和土壤全氮、有机质含量(P < 0.05),是免耕处理组中最优选择。不同类型的地膜覆盖均可显著提高作物产量(P < 0.05),而且秸秆+地膜双覆盖增产效果最显著,并显著提高土壤全氮、有机质含量,是黄土塬区最适宜的覆盖措施。     

In situ and potential CO2 evolution from a Fluventic Ustochrept in southcentral Texas as affected by tillage and cropping intensity

Quality of agricultural soils is largely a function of soil organic matter. Tillage and crop management impact soil organic matter dynamics by modification of the soil environment and quantity and quality of C input. We investigated changes in pools and fluxes of soil organic C (SOC) during the ninth and tenth year of cropping with various intensities under conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT). Soil organic C to a depth of 0.2 m increased with cropping intensity as a result of greater C input and was 10% to 30% greater under NT than under CT. Sequestration of crop-derived C input into SOC was 22±2% under NT and 9±4% under CT (mean of cropping intensities ± standard deviation of cropping systems). Greater sequestration of SOC under NT was due to a lower rate of in situ soil CO₂ evolution than under CT (0.22±0.03 vs. 0.27±0.06 g CO₂–C g⁻¹ SOC yr⁻¹). Despite a similar labile pool of SOC under NT than under CT (1.1±0.1 vs. 1.0±0.1 g mineralizable C kg⁻¹ SOC d⁻¹), the ratio of in situ to potential CO₂ evolution was less under NT (0.56±0.03) than under CT (0.73±0.08), suggesting strong environmental controls on SOC turnover, such as temperature, moisture, and residue placement. Both increased C sequestration and a greater labile SOC pool were achieved in this low-SOC soil using NT and high-intensity cropping.     

快长、耐低温大黄鱼新品种东海1号的选育

大黄鱼东海1号是以2000年采捕自浙江岱衢洋的野生大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)为基础群体,采用群体选育技术,以生长速度和耐低温为选育指标,经过十余年、连续5代选育而获得的水产新品种。在相同养殖条件下,该品种19月龄时体长生长速度比当地商品苗快6.06%,体重生长速度快15.57%;10月龄鱼在6℃条件下,存活率比当地商品苗高22.5%。2010~2012年,繁育的东海1号大黄鱼中试规模累计达7万m3水体,取得了较好的社会和经济效益。本文介绍了东海1号选育过程、品种特征及优良性状和中试情况,并初步分析了该品种优良性状的分子(理论)基础,为该品种的推广养殖以及其他水产新品种的培育提供信息和借鉴资料。     

亚华棉7号在湖南地区的种植表现及栽培要点

亚华棉7号是湖南隆平高科亚华棉油种业有限公司选育的转CRY基因的抗虫杂交棉品种,于2008年通过湖南省审定.该品种在湖南的大面积推广和长江中下游的示范种植中,表现出了结铃性好、铃大、吐絮畅、好采摘、抗病、抗虫性好等特点,栽培时应注意适时播种,合理稀植,加强肥水管理,以提高品种抗虫性,达到优质高产目标.     

中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)“黄海3号”新品种的培育

2006年收集中国对虾“黄海1号”保种群以及海州湾、莱州湾2个野生群体为基础群体构建核心育种群,采用群体选育技术以仔虾Ⅰ期耐氨氮胁迫成活率和收获时对虾体重为选育指标,经过连续5代选育,培育出中国对虾“黄海3号”新品种。新品种耐氨氮胁迫能力强,仔虾Ⅰ期成活率较商品苗种提高21.2%,养殖成活率提高15.2%;生长速度快,收获对虾平均体重较商品苗种提高11.8%。AFLP技术分析获得5代选育群体的平均多态位点比例分别为42.28%、40.64%、40.32%、39.95%和38.05%。研究结果显示,随着选育世代的增加,选育群体的遗传多样性呈现下降趋势,但随着选育时间的延长,世代之间的分化逐渐降低,群体的遗传结构开始趋于稳定。