在外来与本土文化并融中发展的俄罗斯园林

以新的文化思潮为线索,阐述了俄罗斯风景园林分别经历东正教拜占庭文化,欧洲大陆古典园林艺术以及来自东方文明的中国文化的影响,通过与自身地域文化中的民族特性和人文属性相互融合,从而形成了极具俄罗斯本土风格的园林。苏联时期,由于政治和权利机构意志的原因,又出现了苏联模式的园林景观。再现今新的形势下,随着全球化的推进,俄罗斯园林的民族传统面临新的挑战。     

江苏省天福国家湿地公园鸟类栖息地植物群落特征对鸻鹬类水鸟的影响研究

目的 研究栖息地植物群落特征的季度变化规律,探讨其对鸻鹬类水鸟群落的影响机制,为鸟类栖息地管理提供科学依据。 方法 2019/07—2020/07期间,在天福国家湿地公园鸟类栖息地,利用样方法和样线法分别获取植物群落特征数据和鸻鹬类水鸟群落数据,通过转换变量,构建回归模型。通过主成分分析和聚类分析对鸻鹬类水鸟进行鸟类集团划分。 结果 统计分析发现：（1）天福国家湿地公园共记录到草本植物30科72属77种,鸻鹬类水鸟18种230只;（2）植物群落高度和植被覆盖度的比值与鸻鹬类水鸟个体总数和鸟类个体总数的比值呈显著正相关;（3）不同性状的鸻鹬类对植物群落特征的季度变化响应程度有差异,通过主成分分析和聚类分析将鸻鹬类水鸟划分成4个鸟类集团,其中集团4即中翼长、中嘴裂长、中跗跖长的鸻鹬类水鸟受植物群落特征的季度变化影响大于其他鸻鹬类鸟类集团。（4）目前天福国家湿地公园保护管理中心未进行区分不同植物群落而采取有差别的管理措施,属于无区别化干扰。 结论 天福国家湿地公园鸟类栖息地植物群落特征对鸻鹬类水鸟群落特征有显著影响,且对不同鸻鹬类鸟类集团的影响机制具有差异性;研究区无区别化的栖息地管理措施须结合植被群落演替规律及不同性状鸻鹬类水鸟的生境需求而精准改进,建议针对不同鸻鹬类鸟类集团的差异性生境需求,精准管理不同的植物群落特征,同时增加不同类别的栖息地管理措施。     

大兴安岭新林林业局森林资源可持续发展的技术体系

以大兴安岭林区具有典型代表性的新林林业局为研究对象，在对其自然资源、经济和社会调查后，建立了森林资源可持续发展的配套技术体系。包括种苗培育、资源调查与监测、资源采伐、资源更新、资源抚育技术体系以及资源效益评价体系等。     

Optimal management of uneven-aged Norway spruce stands

An optimization model is specified to analyze forest management without any restrictions on the forest management system. The data on forest growth comes from unique field experiments and is used to estimate a nonlinear transition matrix or size-structured model for Norway spruce. The objective function includes detailed harvesting cost specifications and the optimization problem is solved in its most general dynamic form. In optimal uneven-aged management, stand density is shown to be dominated by limitations in natural regeneration. If the goal is volume maximization, even-aged management with artificial regeneration (and thinnings from above) is superior to uneven-aged management. After including regeneration and harvesting costs, the interest rate, and the price differential between saw timber and pulpwood, uneven-aged management becomes superior to even-aged management. However, in the short term the superiority is conditional on the initial stand state.     

基于不同尺度样地的森林面积估算对比分析1）--以鞍山市为例

研究一类调查与二类调查的差异,分析现有森林资源样地调查方式的效率和误差,对比分析调整样地数量和样地面积大小后对市级区域森林面积估算的精度。以鞍山市为研究区,以二类调查小班数据为基础,以现行4 km×8 km样地间隔的标准样地数量为最大样本量,分析了在样方边长分别为25、30、250 m,1、2、3、4 km与样地数量分别为现行数量的1／2、1／3、1／4和1／5等情况下样地估算森林面积总体的精度。结果表明：样地面积越大,像元的混合度越大;现行抽样方式精度较高,误差仅为0．65％;当样地数量为现有样地数量的1／2,样地大小为2 km×2 km时,是较为准确估算鞍山市森林面积值的最佳抽样方式,误差为02．9％;虽然采样率为1／3,边长为3 km和4 km方式的精度更高,但是调查的面积更大。     

Climate change and nature conservation in Central European forests: A review of consequences, concepts and challenges

With a predicted rise in average global surface temperature at an unprecedented rate, as well as changes in precipitation and disturbance regimes, climate change will bring forth new challenges for nature conservation in forest ecosystems. Species and habitats to be protected will be affected as well as related concepts and area specific objectives. Climate change impacts are likely to be aggravated by other anthropogenic stresses such as fragmentation, deposition or habitat destruction. To be reliable and effective, current objectives and guidelines of forest conservation need to be reassessed and improved. Our study analyses possible impacts of climate change on forests and identifies key future challenges for nature conservation in forests and ecosystem research. We reviewed 130 papers on climate change impacts on forest ecosystems and species published between 1995 and 2010. The geographical focus of the study is Central Europe. Papers were analysed accounting for direct and indirect impacts of gradual changes as well as stochastic disturbance events in forest ecosystems and their possible consequences for nature conservation.Even though broader aspects of nature conservation (protected areas, biodiversity) are frequently mentioned, little attention is given to forest-specific nature conservation. Particular aspects are insufficiently represented, such as the influence of climate change on different forest succession stages, the development of dead wood volume and quality, responses of secondary broadleaved species, azonal or extrazonal forests as well as ancient woodlands or remnants of historical silvicultural systems. Challenges arise in the context of great uncertainties about future developments. Nature conservation concepts and objectives in forests need to be adapted either within a permanent evaluation process or through the inclusion of further changes a priori, even if they are to some extent unpredictable. In some cases adaptation measures within nature conservation (e.g. adjusting protected areas) may conflict with interests of other stakeholders. Further research, particularly on interrelations between different impacts and the adaptive capacity of current forest ecosystems, associated species and existing genotypes is urgently needed. The scale and complexity of the task at hand calls for the establishment and further strengthening of international research networks.     

Exploring preferences for biodiversity and wild parks in Chinese cities: A conjoint analysis study in Hangzhou

There has been a transformation of value orientation from an anthropocentric to eco-centric view in Chinese urban park design. Biodiversity enhancement has been increasingly seen as a prioritised park design aim by landscape designers. This promotes the rise of a novel park style with wild, less manicured appearance in cities, which shows strong contrasts to the traditional park style with ornamental, manicured characteristics. However, in this urban park transformation process, people’s opinion has been almost ignored. This research investigated the importance of biodiversity compared with other relevant urban park attributes (i.e., Facilities, Woodlands, Maintenance, and Seasonal views) identified from preliminary focus groups. The research further predicted preferences between wild and traditional urban parks. Conjoint analysis was used to address these questions. Five urban park attributes (i.e., Biodiversity, Facilities, Woodlands, Maintenance, and Seasonal views) were included in the conjoint questionnaire survey. The survey (N = 187) was conducted with the public and ecology/landscape professionals in Hangzhou, China. Results showed that for professionals, biodiversity was the most important attribute relative to others; for the public, both facilities and biodiversity were the most important attributes. Preferences for the two park styles varied between the two groups: professionals preferred wild parks, whereas the public preferred traditional parks. Yet, public preferences for wild parks were enhanced by improving maintenance levels and providing recreation facilities. The study concluded the appreciation of biodiversity among both the public and professionals. Differences in professional preferences for wild parks compared to the public should be considered when professionals design wild parks in the future.     

Forest floor temperature and relative humidity following timber harvesting in southern New England,USA

Forest amphibians, especially salamanders, prefer forests with shaded, cool, and moist forest floors. Timber harvesting opens the forest canopy and exposes the forest floor to direct sunlight, which can increase forest floor temperatures and reduce soil moisture. These microclimatic changes can potentially degrade the harvested stand for amphibian habitat or affect other biotic resources or ecological processes at the forest floor and in the understory. The degree of forest floor disturbance is directly related to the intensity of harvesting, however, the duration of this effect is unknown. We conducted a study of forest floor temperature and relative humidity over a 12-year chronosequence (1993–2004) of timber harvests. We compared simultaneous, paired measurements of temperature and relative humidity at three positions (soil, forest floor, air) in harvested and control sites over three seasonal survey sessions. Vegetation composition and structure were measured at each survey location. Ambient weather conditions were recorded at three open-field locations across the study area.     

Short-term responses of soil decomposer and plant communities to stump harvesting in boreal forests

Recently, in addition to logging residues, stumps have become an important component in energy production since there is growing global interest in the use of renewable energy sources in order to decrease anthropogenic carbon emissions. Harvesting of stumps influences the forest floor by changing vegetation and soil organic layers and exposing mineral soil across large areas. We studied whether stump harvesting after clear felling poses further short-term changes in boreal forest soil decomposer community (microbes and mesofauna) and vegetation when compared to the traditional site preparation practice (mounding). In general, stump harvesting caused decline in enchytraeid abundance but did not induce further major changes in decomposer community otherwise nor in vegetation of each soil micro-habitat (intact soil and exposed mineral soil). However, the abundances of almost all decomposer animals were lower in the exposed mineral soil than in the intact soil. Stump removal increased the area of exposed mineral soil in the clear felled areas, leading to lower amount of high quality habitat for most decomposer organisms. Hence, it is obvious that there are (or will be) differences in the decomposer community dynamics between the treatments at the forest stand level. Both species richness and coverage of plants benefitted from large-scale exposure of mineral soil. Because the stump removal procedure disturbs soil organic layers and negatively affects the decomposer community, it has the potential to alter nutrient dynamics in forests.     

闽北天然阔叶林各林层合理密度的研究

应用最大密度模型和半峰宽原理研究闽北天然阔叶林各林层的合理密度 ,结果表明 :各林层的平均胸径与最大密度、平均冠幅与平均胸径存在着显著的相关关系 ;各林层的合理密度分别为 ,第一层 0 .76 1～ 1.2 2 4N1max,第二层 0 .30 8～ 1.6 12N2max,第三层 0 .80 5 ～ 1.187N3max,并拟合出密度与蓄积量的关系 ,为合理经营天然阔叶林提供科学依据。