不同花椒品种抗旱性比较研究

以3个花椒品种1年生实生苗为试材,采用盆栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫条件下3个品种叶片相对含水量、可溶性蛋白质含量、MDA含量、SOD、POD活性、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、茎生物量、根生物量、总生物量和根茎比的变化,利用隶属函数对其抗旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明,随干旱胁迫程度的增加,3个花椒品种叶片相对含水量均呈下降趋势;MDA含量、POD活性均呈上升趋势;可溶性蛋白含量先减少后增加;SOD活性、叶绿素含量、净光合速率季变化平均值先增加后下降;净光合速率季变化曲线呈单峰型或双峰型,但峰值出现的时间不同;茎生物量、根生物量和总生物量均呈下降趋势;豆椒根茎比降低,二红袍根茎比先降后升,大红袍根茎比上升。3个花椒品种抗旱性强弱排序为:豆椒二红袍大红袍。     

Laboratory and field evaluations of rhodojaponin-III against the imported cabbage worm Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The activity of rhodojaponin-III (R-III), a grayanoid diterpene compound isolated from Rhododendron molle G. Don flowers, was determined under laboratory and field conditions as an antifeedant, stomach poison, contact toxicant and insect growth inhibitor against Pieris rapae (L.) larvae. The median antifeedant concentration (AFC(50)) values in no-choice leaf disc tests were 1.16 and 15.85 mg L(-1) at 24 h after treatment when tested against third and fifth instars respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) values in leaf disc tests were 2.84 and 9.53 mg L(-1) at 96 h after treatment against third and fifth instars respectively. R-III showed an almost 30 times higher contact toxicity against third instars than for fifth instars, and the median lethal dose (LD(50)) values for topical application were 1.18 and 34.09 mg kg(-1) at 72 h after treatment respectively. R-III disrupted the development of larvae to pupae or adults with median concentration for inhibiting growth (IC(50)) values of only 1.36 mg L(-1) for third instars and 11.28 mg L(-1) for fifth instars. In field trials, a greater than 80% reduction in the adjusted larval numbers was obtained against P. rapae 14 days after treatment when Rhodo 0.1% EC, a commercial botanical insecticide based on R-III, was applied at both 937.5 and 625 mL ha(-1). These results suggest that further research to develop R-III, and extracts from R. molle, as biorational pesticides or as lead compounds for integrated pest management deserve consideration.     

家用调料植物粗提物防治小菜蛾的研究

以安全性和简易性为前提的庭园害虫防治成为休闲生活不可或缺的技术。本文以花椒Zanthoxylum bungea-num、八角茴香Illiciu mverum、辣椒Capsicum frutescens等日用品为材料,研究了不同种类、浓度和作用时间对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella这一重要庭园害虫的拒食、触杀及产卵忌避效果。拒食试验表明,供试3种植物对小菜蛾有显著拒食作用,拒食率从大到小依次为八角茴香(0.94)、花椒(0.86)、辣椒(0.76);拒食率随处理时间长短变化的差异不显著,但随提取液浓度的升高而升高。触杀试验表明,供试3种植物对小菜蛾有显著触杀作用,24h内死亡率从大到小依次为花椒(45.6%)、八角茴香(35.6%)、辣椒(23.3%),均显著高于对照处理的1.1%;触杀死亡率随虫龄的增加而降低。产卵忌避试验表明,3种植物对小菜蛾成虫产卵忌避作用由大到小依次为辣椒、八角茴香、花椒。综合本研究所得结果来看,八角茴香对小菜蛾的控制效果最好。所选材料容易获得,对小菜蛾忌避作用明显,在庭园小菜蛾防治中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Zanthoxylum piperitum (DC), a potential feeding deterrent for mammals: studies with Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner)

Total extract from the fruit of Szechuan pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC), the volatile components of the extract and a non‐volatile fraction containing alkylamides (NVA fraction) are feeding deterrents for rats. The present study investigated the effectiveness of these natural repellents in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster Wagner). Two‐choice feeding trials were conducted during which food‐deprived voles were offered choices between oat‐bran wafers. In Experiment 1, 10 voles were given three sets of feeding trials, each 2 h long. Baseline consumption was established during the first set of two trials by offering a choice between two oat‐bran wafers dipped in ethanol, the control solvent. During the second set of two trials the voles were given a choice between an oat‐bran wafer dipped in ethanol and a wafer dipped in Zanthoxylum extract. During the third set the voles were given a choice between a wafer served on top of a screened dish containing a sample of ethanol and a wafer served on top of a dish containing a sample of extract. In this manner the voles were exposed to volatile compounds emanating from the extract but could not contact it. Wafers dipped in extract were almost completely avoided. The volatile components of extract also significantly reduced food intake. In Experiment 2, habituation to the volatile constituents of extract was examined in 16 Zanthoxylum‐naïve voles. Baseline consumption was established by offering two wafers served on top of screened dishes containing ethanol. This was followed by twelve tests during which a choice between a wafer served above a sample of ethanol and a wafer served above a sample of extract was given. The voles failed to habituate to the volatile components of extract, consistently consuming less of the wafers served above extract. In Experiment 3 a dose‐response curve to Zanthoxylum extract was established, using 12 stimulus‐naïve voles. After baseline consumption was established, the animals were given two tests each, presenting a choice between a control wafer and a wafer dipped in a dilution of extract (0.001–100 g liter^?1). Only concentrations of 10 and 100 g liter^?1 reduced food intake. In Experiment 4 the effects of the non‐volatile fraction of extract were compared to those of whole extract. Vegetable oil was used as solvent. Eight stimulus‐naïve voles were given two tests with a choice between an oil‐dipped and an extract‐dipped wafer. A second group of eight voles received two tests with a choice between an oil‐dipped and NVA‐dipped wafer. Extract‐dipped wafers were avoided, but the NVA fraction had no effect on food consumption. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

顶坛花椒不同种植基地土壤肥力质量研究

为探究顶坛花椒不同种植基地的土壤肥力质量特征,以贵州省贞丰县北盘江镇3个顶坛花椒不同种植基地(基地1为荒地、基地2为复垦地、基地3为农田)为研究对象,测定土壤p H、速效氮、速效磷等30个指标,确定最小数据集并评价土壤肥力质量。结果表明:基地1全氮、全磷、速效磷、镁、铁、铝、镍、钴、铅、镉、铬最高,基地2速效氮、全钾、速效钾、氯、锰、硼、钼、锌、铜、砷、锶最高,基地3的p H、有机碳、钙、硅、硒最高;土壤肥力质量评价最小数据集包括锰与硼两个指标,且锰在第一主成分中有较高载荷值(0.998),硼在第二主成分上有较高载荷值(0.997);土壤肥力质量综合指数由大到小依次为:基地2(0.75)基地1(-0.32)基地3(-0.43);为改良土壤肥力质量,基地1需增加速效氮、速效磷、全钾、速效钾、硼、钛、锶,基地2应适当提高p H,基地3需增加全氮、铁、锰、钼、锌、钴、砷。研究结果可为顶坛花椒种植基地土壤养分管理和测土配方施肥提供理论数据。     

竹叶花椒-飞龙掌血嫁接树表型及生理性状的抗旱响应

为探究飞龙掌血作砧木嫁接竹叶花椒后的抗旱响应机制,以飞龙掌血、竹叶花椒实生树及两者嫁接树为研究对象,对比分析其根系特征、叶片解剖结构、光合色素及生理指标上的差异,并测定产量。结果表明：飞龙掌血1年生实生苗根系各指标均显著高于竹叶花椒;嫁接树叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度相比竹叶花椒显著增加了46.57%和35.38%,栅海比和叶肉紧密度分别提高了9.24%和21.82%;与竹叶花椒相比,嫁接树叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素的含量各显著增加了13.5%、87.3%和33.5%;同时,嫁接树叶片的SOD和POD活性相比竹叶花椒分别提高了22.1%和6.4%,MDA含量降低了4.6%;叶片各光合色素含量与栅栏组织厚度呈显著正相关关系,而MDA含量与其余指标呈显著负相关关系(除海绵组织厚度以外);嫁接树的单位投影面积产量相比竹叶花椒提高了34.1%。可见,该嫁接组合可以应用于竹叶花椒抗旱砧木的选育和推广实践。     

几种药剂对花椒棉蚜防治试验

选用4种杀虫剂,每种3个浓度,对花椒棉蚜进行室内防治试验,结果显示,1.8%阿维菌素乳油和10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂对蚜虫有较强的杀伤效果。田间防治试验结果表明,上述两种药剂对花椒棉蚜也有相似防治效果,是棉蚜有效的防治药剂。     

响应曲面法优化青花椒护色工艺

[目的]探索青花椒护色的最佳工艺条件。[方法]选取新鲜青花椒为原料,研究了护色剂、抗氧化剂、pH和杀菌条件对护色的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,选择CuSO4浓度、VC浓度和杀菌时间3个影响较大的因素,以色差值为指标,采用响应面试验优化新鲜青花椒护色条件。[结果]新鲜青花椒的最佳护色工艺为CuSO4浓度550 mg/L、VC溶液浓度1 000 mg/L、杀菌时间20 min。在此条件下处理后的青花椒在第15天的色差为10。[结论]该研究可为青花椒的护色研究提供理论和试验依据。     

土壤与花椒各器官中主要矿质元素的研究

矿质元素,在陕西花椒主要产地选取17个样地,分别测定林地土壤中N、P、K、Mg、Ca、Cu、Zn、B、Mo的有效含量及其在花椒器官中的含量,分析花椒枝皮、叶、果皮、种子主要矿质元素的分布情况。结果表明：花椒林地土壤中K、Cu、Zn很丰富,Mo丰富,B中等,P、Mg、Ca缺乏,N很缺乏;花椒各器官中元素含量由大到小分别是K、Ca、Mg、P、N、Zn、B、Cu、Mo,花椒从土壤中的吸收量表现为P>K>N,对P的含吸收量约是K和N的5.5～6倍。各元素积累量由小到大排序,N为枝皮、种子、果皮、叶,P为叶、枝皮、种子、果皮,K为枝皮、叶、果皮、种子,Mg为枝皮、果皮、种子、叶,Ca为种子、果皮、叶、枝皮,B和Mo为枝皮、种子、果皮、叶。土壤中N、P、K、B、Mo含量与花椒及其果实发育相关,Mg、Ca对花椒产量形成具有重要作用。     

干旱胁迫下顶坛花椒细胞膜透性和超氧化物歧化酶活性对Zn的响应

[目的]探讨顶坛花椒抗旱能力及其对微量元素Zn的响应程度。[方法]采用电介质的相对电导率法和NBT(氮蓝四唑)光还原法分别测定了经不同浓度ZnSO4预处理后顶坛花椒在干旱胁迫下的细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。[结果]适宜浓度的微量元素Zn对顶坛花椒抗旱能力具有较强的促进作用。干旱胁迫15d后,当ZnSO4预处理浓度为0.11%时,在相同培养条件下,顶坛花椒叶片相对电导率具有最小值;当ZnSO4预处理浓度为0.06%时,顶坛花椒叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性具有最大值,能有效消除因活性氧积累而对顶坛花椒造成的伤害。[结论]当ZnSO4预处理浓度为0.06%～0.11%时,Zn能有效抑制顶坛花椒相对电导率,促进超氧化物歧化酶活性,消除其体内活性氧的积累,从而保护其细胞膜结构和功能的完整性,提高顶坛花椒的抗旱能力。