开-孔河纳污能力分析与评价

通过大量实地调查、取样、室内样品分析及对开-孔河不同区段、不同时段纳污量的计算,从定量指标上反映各排污口允许排入开-孔河的污水数量。计算表明,开都河各河段水质较孔雀河好,有一定的纳污能力,并由上游至中下游递增;孔雀河段最大允许纳污量由上游至下游逐渐减少,至下游末端由于水质恶化,纳污能力已基本丧失,最大允许纳污量为零,应该严格控制排污。     

黄灌沙区农田耕层土壤性状空间异质性分析

用地统计学的方法,研究了黄灌沙区农田耕作层(030 cm)土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和电导率的空间变异规律。结果表明,农田耕作层土壤养分的空间异质性主要由随机性因子如土壤耕作措施,包括施肥、灌溉和作物轮作等造成,这与该区农田耕作层土壤是引黄灌溉改良的结果有关。土壤养分含量的变异函数均可很好地拟合成线性模型,块金值和基台值之比(C0/C0 C)均为1,说明随机性因子是导致该区土壤性状空间变异的主要因素,在整个尺度上具有恒定的变异,造成了土壤性状的相对均一。pH的变异函数为指数模型,其空间异质性组成中随机性和结构性因子各占50%。电导率的变异函数为球状模型,空间变异主要由结构性因子导致,结构性因子引起的空间异质性占总空间异质性的67%。分维数也表明耕层土壤性状空间依赖性较小,随机因子如农业活动是引起黄灌沙区土壤性状空间异质性的关键原因。Moran s I系数表现为除了pH和电导率受结构性和随机性因子共同作用外,其余土壤性状均呈较弱的相关关系。因此,干旱沙区通过人为措施改良的土壤性状空间上的变异主要受人为活动如灌溉、施肥和耕作等影响,在农业活动中更应该注重施肥和灌溉方式、灌溉水源等问题,以避免因土壤性状的变异导致的肥料利用效率降低。     

淮河安徽段水环境污染现状与防治对策

淮河是中国七大水系中污染最严重的河流之一，水污染使水资源紧张状况更为严峻，制约了区域经济的可持续发展。近年来，淮河干流水质有所好转，尤其是高污染河段的状况改善明显，但淮河的治理任务仍然艰巨。本文着重从流域的角度分析了淮河安徽段水环境污染现状、淮河水环境污染的主要因素和原因，最后从产业结构优化、水资源重复利用、污水处理厂建设以及推行清洁生产等方面，探讨了应对淮河水环境污染的主要措施。     

黄河中游水土流失区基本农田建设浅议

黄河中游水土流失区基本农田建设浅议高荣乐（黄委会黄河上中游管理局，西安７１００４３）黄河中游地区农业生态环境的主要特征可以概括为三个方面：一是以山丘地貌为主，梁峁起伏，沟壑纵横。在已开垦的１８６７万ｈｍ２农耕地中，处于平原区的不足２０％，其余均分布于...     

治黄之本在于水土保持

在漫长的地质时期，黄土高原的土壤侵蚀强度变化幅度很大，有时异常强烈，有时则很轻微。子午岭地区土壤侵蚀由强变弱的实例以及许多水土保持综合治理先进典型说明，黄土高原的土壤侵蚀完全可以治理。“黄土高原的水土流失以自然侵蚀为主”　的论断并由此而得出“水土保持只能治理人为加速侵蚀部分，对自然侵蚀是无能为力的”结论是不恰当的；仅靠打坝淤地，发展坝系农业，解决不了群众的生活问题，“治黄之本在于打坝淤地”的提法是不切合实际的。只有水土保持才是根治黄河水害、促进当地农业持续发展的根本保证。     

长江上游典型区SOTER数据库支持下的土壤侵蚀危险度评价

以长江上游典型区彭州市为例,在该区SOTER(1∶50 000)数据库的支持下,选取地貌类型 、坡度、植被覆盖率、土地利用、土壤类型等作为评价因子,运用专家权重模型,将研究区 分为无险型、轻险型、危险型、强险型和极险型5种类型,输出了土壤侵蚀危险度评价图, 并指出了各种类型的防治侵蚀的措施.     

长江上游滑坡、泥石流防灾减灾的探索与实践

长江上游是我国滑坡、泥石流灾害分布最为集中、危害最为严重的地区之一 ,约有大小滑坡 15万处、泥石流沟万余条。 1991年长江上游滑坡、泥石流预警系统建成并投入运行 ,10年多来坚持预防为主、分区分级管理、重点监测、专业监测与群测群防相结合 ,已成功预报 10 0多起滑坡、泥石流灾害险情 ,使 3 3万多人免遭灾难 ,避免直接经济损失达亿元 ,成效十分显著。介绍了长江上游滑坡、泥石流灾害及其特点、预警系统防灾减灾的主要经验等     

Comparing the potential effectiveness of conservation planning approaches in central North Carolina, USA

We compared four approaches to conservation site selection to protect forest biodiversity in the Triangle Region of North Carolina, USA. Using biological inventory data and an inventory-based conservation plan as benchmarks, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of a focal species plan and three “simple” plans (large forested patches, close to wetlands and riparian areas, diverse forest types). Effectiveness was measured in three ways: the number of inventory elements captured at least once by the plan (representation), the total number of inventory elements captured (completeness), and the proportion of land in the inventory-based plan included (overlap). We further examined the potential effectiveness of the simple plans by calculating their overlap with land identified by the focal species approach. The simple and focal species plans did not differ markedly in terms of representation, but diverged when completeness and overlap were considered. Although representation rates for all four plans were relatively high, lower rates for completeness and overlap raise concerns about long-term viability. The simple plans did not identify the same lands as the focal species plan, and are thus unlikely to provide appropriate habitat for the focal species. Each approach we tested failed to capture some subset of species and communities, highlighting the importance of explicit conservation targets and consideration of ecological processes. Forced to act quickly and with little data, our findings suggest using initially a set of complementary simple plans, each focused on a different habitat type. This should be considered a stopgap measure, however, while more sophisticated plans are constructed, defining explicit conservation targets and considering ecological processes.     

湿地生态旅游资源的开发与保护研究——以河南省黄河湿地为例

论述了开展湿地生态旅游可行性和必要性的基础上,以河南省黄河湿地为例,分析了湿地生态旅游开发现状及存在问题,从科学规划、准确定位、完善设施、打造特色生态旅游产品、设计合理的旅游线路、培育生态旅游示范景区（点）等方面提出了河南省黄河湿地生态旅游开发与保护对策。     

At-sea distribution of waved albatrosses and the Galápagos Marine Reserve

Albatross populations worldwide are threatened by incidental takes in longline fishery operations. The recent establishment of the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR) is relevant to the longline bycatch issue, as it prohibits industrial longlining in the vicinity of the major nesting site of waved albatrosses (Phoebastria irrorata). However, the legality of the fishing protections is being challenged, highlighting a need for data on use of the GMR by albatrosses. We used satellite tracking over a total of four breeding seasons to determine the distribution of waved albatrosses inside and outside the GMR, and thereby assess the degree of protection that GMR provisions offer to this species. During the incubation period, breeding adults made commuting trips from the nesting island (Isla Española) to the Peruvian upwelling zone, traveling north, east, and south after leaving the nest. During the brooding period, the distribution contracted markedly, and most satellite fixes were within the GMR. During the rearing period, breeders performed both long trips outside the GMR and short trips within. The southeastern portion of the GMR is used throughout the incubation, brooding, and early rearing periods by breeding waved albatrosses. Indirect information from non-breeding adults indicates that they are likely to use the waters of the GMR extensively.