UV-B辐射增强对两种不同类型番茄幼苗生长和叶绿素荧光猝灭的影响

以普通番茄和黄化番茄幼苗为试材,研究在UV-B辐射增强条件下对蕃茄生长及叶绿素荧光猝灭的影响,以揭示UV-B辐射增强对番茄光合作用的伤害机理.结果表明:UV-B辐射增强对番茄叶片的光合机构造成了一定伤害,使番茄幼苗生长量、叶片PSⅡ最大转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和天线转化效率(Fv′/Fm′)下降,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)明显升高;两种类型的番茄幼苗对UV-B辐射增强的反应存在差异,黄化番茄幼苗更为敏感.     

水稻种子样品前处理对转基因成分荧光PCR检测的影响

以转基因水稻科丰6号不同含量的水稻种子为样品,对影响检测结果的主要前处理措施,包括样品研磨颗粒细度与DNA提取过程中样品CTAB裂解缓冲液温育时间等,进行分析筛选.结果表明,样品颗粒细度与CTAB缓冲液温育时间的不同处理组合对提取的DNA含量影响极显著,其中,样品颗粒细度100目与CTAB缓冲液温育时间8 h(过夜)处理的样品DNA提取效果与荧光PCR检测结果均最佳.采用最佳前处理组合,样品的主要转基因成分(Ca MV 35S、NOS、Cry1Ab)检出限从通常的转基因含量质量分数0.01%降到0.001%,使得水稻种子转基因成分荧光PCR检测灵敏度提高10倍,大幅度提高了检测结果的准确性.     

牡丹早衰与晚衰品种在衰老过程中光系统活性的变化

为了探讨牡丹在衰老过程中叶片光合机构活性的变化与光合能力的维持关系,本试验以早衰品种‘肉芙蓉,和晚衰品种‘卷叶红’为材料,通过快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学测定技术(JIP test)和820 nm光吸收技术,研究牡丹在衰老过程中的净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素含量及光合机构活性的变化.结果表明:在衰老进程中,牡丹Pn和叶绿素含量以相同的趋势下降,肉芙蓉’快于‘卷叶红’的下降.通过对荧光参数的分析,发现牡丹叶在衰老时,PSⅡ电子受体侧受到的伤害大于电子供体测,而单位面积有活性的反应中心数量(RC/CSo)显著下降,同时PS Ⅰ的活性也大幅下降.无论PSⅡ还是PS Ⅰ的活性,肉芙蓉’的下降幅度都大于‘卷叶红’.由此得出:PS Ⅰ和PSⅡ光系统活性的快速下降和光合电子传递能力的衰退是牡丹叶片光合能力迅速下降的重要原因之一.     

甘蔗苗期叶绿素荧光参数与抗旱性关系研究

 利用调制式叶绿素荧光仪研究甘蔗苗期水分胁迫下叶绿素荧光参数的动态变化与甘蔗抗旱性的关系。结果表明，水分胁迫下Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield、Rfd等荧光参数随水分胁迫强度增强而下降，变化幅度因品种抗旱性强弱而异。水分胁迫下上述荧光参数的动态变化可作为简便易行的抗旱性强弱诊断指标在甘蔗抗旱育种上应用。     

测墒补灌对2个小麦品种旗叶叶绿素荧光及衰老特性的影响

【目的】探讨测墒补灌和定量灌溉对2个小麦品种旗叶叶绿素荧光、衰老特性及籽粒产量的影响,为小麦节水高产提供理论依据。【方法】于2013—2015两年度,在大田条件下,选用泰农18(T18)和济麦22(J22)2个小麦品种,设置3个水分处理:W0(全生育期不灌水)、W1(依据0—40 cm土层土壤相对含水量进行测墒补灌,拔节期和开花期目标土壤相对含水量均为65%)、W2(定量灌溉,拔节期和开花期分别灌溉60 mm),研究测墒补灌和定量灌溉对2个小麦品种旗叶叶绿素荧光特性及衰老特性的影响。【结果】W1处理通过调节拔节期和开花期灌水量,保持灌水后0—40 cm土层土壤相对含水量在65%,可防止灌水过多或过少,为小麦生长发育创造适宜的土壤水分环境。W1处理条件下,两小麦品种开花后14、21和28 d的旗叶电子传递速率、光化学猝灭系数、PSⅡ实际光化学效率及旗叶蔗糖含量均显著高于W2处理,磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性在花后14和21 d显著高于W2处理;两小麦品种开花后14、21和28 d的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性均显著高于W2,但同期旗叶丙二醛含量显著低于W2并保持较高的旗叶可溶性蛋白含量。两年度T18和J22两品种W1处理的籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉效益均显著高于W2。品种间比较可知,T18两灌水处理的旗叶电子传递速率、光化学猝灭系数、PSⅡ实际光化学效率及旗叶蔗糖含量在花后21和28 d均显著高于J22,磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性在花后7、14和21 d亦显著高于J22;T18开花后21和28 d的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于J22,但同期旗叶丙二醛含量显著低于J22。同一年度同一处理条件下,T18和J20总耗水量和水分利用效率均无显著差异;在W0处理条件下,J22的籽粒产量显著高于T18;但在W1和W2处理条件下,T18的籽粒产量、灌溉效益均显著高于J22。【结论】在小麦拔节期和开花期依据0—40 cm土层土壤相对含水量进行测墒补灌至65%土壤相对含水量,是两小麦品种同步实现高产与节水的有效措施。在灌溉条件下T18的产量潜力高于J22,但在干旱条件下,其对水分敏感,致使产量低于J22。     

玉米叶片光合作用和渗透调节对干旱胁迫的响应

以2个不同抗旱性玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置3个干旱处理(轻度干旱、中度干旱、重度干旱)和正常灌水,研究了干旱胁迫对2个玉米品种气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数和渗透调节物质的影响。结果显示, 重度干旱造成2个玉米品种叶片光合机构紊乱,破坏细胞膜完整性;同时增加了渗透调节物质,这对增强叶片的保水能力,维持光合速率有重要的作用。但与陕单902相比,干旱胁迫下郑单958表现出较高的最大净光合速率(P_nmax),表观量子效率(AQY),光饱和点(LSP),最大电子传递速率(J_max),最大羧化速率(V_cmax),PSII的实际量子产量(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P);较高的脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖含量(SS);较低的丙二醛含量(MDA)。这些结果表明,干旱胁迫下抗旱品种郑单958具有较强的渗透物质能力,减轻细胞膜质过氧化程度,维持较高的光合性能是其适应干旱环境的生理基础。     

增补UV-B辐射对药用植物黄檗幼苗生长及光合生理影响

[目的]为了研究紫外辐射对药用植物生长和光合生理影响机制,[方法]通过设置三个实验处理对黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)幼苗进行40d的增补UV-B辐射处理,对照组(CK组)自然光照、T1组为自然光照下增补UV-B辐射强度为3.26 μw.cm_-2.nm_-1,T2组为自然光照下增补UV-B辐射强度为9.78 μw.cm_-2.nm_-1。[结果]结果表明黄檗幼苗在增补UV-B辐射处理后,与对照相比,不同辐射强度下单株生物量增长量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而根冠比则显著降低(P<0.05),并且二者随辐射强度增大均减小;光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著低于对照(P<0.05),并随辐射强度升高而降低;叶绿素初始荧光(F₀)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(F_V/F₀)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和表观电子传递速率(ETR),均随UV-B辐射强度增大而降低(P<0.05),非光化学猝灭系数(qN)在低UV-B辐射强度下升高,随辐射强度增大而又降低,但仍高于对照组(P<0.05)。叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素a/b等光合色素含量均随增补UV-B辐射强度增大而降低。[结论]说明UV-B辐射处理抑制了黄檗幼苗的生长,降低了光合色素的含量和PSⅡ反应中心传递电子的能力,导致光合作用强度下降,并且上述作用均具有剂量效应。     

Heterosis in CMS hybrids of cotton for photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters

Summary The characterization of photosynthetic, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield and yield components was compared between two newly developed CMS cotton hybrids (H1, H2) and their parents, as well as currently planted hybrid and conventional cultivars (C1, artificially produced hybrid CCRI 29 and C2, conventional cultivar CCRI 12) under the field condition. The results showed that P_n, F_v/F_m, Φ_PSII and qP of hybrids was significantly higher than that of C1 and C2. Furthermore, heterosis was found on photosynthetic parameters in hybrids over their parents at the first four growth stages, while only heterosis over mean of parents (HOMP) was detected in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It was clearly shown that one male-sterile line M2 was higher than the hybrids in F_v/F_m, Φ_PSII and qP over all growth stages. Significantly positive correlations (P < 0.01) were found between LAI or Yield and P_n, C_s, T_r, F_v/F_m, Φ_PSII, or qP, while significantly negative correlations between C_i and LAI or Yield, and no significance between qN and Chl a, C_s and qP were found. It was concluded that CMS hybrid cottons showed better potential to maintain relatively higher photosynthetic ability during the growth, which contributes to the increased lint yield.     

Photosynthetic response of white spruce families to drought stress

In the context of climate change, an increased frequency of drought stresses might occur at a regional scale in boreal forests. To assess photosynthetic responses to drought treatment, seedlings of 12 open-pollinated families of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) differing in their growth performance were grown in a controlled environment. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as shoot xylem water potential (WP) were measured for 21 successive days after watering was stopped. Net photosynthesis decreased as stomatal conductance decreased. Net photosynthesis was not affected by drought until WP reached –2.0 MPa when stomata were closed. Initial fluorescence (F and basic fluorescence after induction (F00) were not affected by drought. A progressive decrease in maximal (Fm) and variable fluorescences (Fv), maximum photosystem II (PS II) efficiency (Fv = Fm), effective quantum yield of PS II (FII), photochemical efficiency of open PS II (Fp), and photochemical quenching (qP) was observed at WP < - 1.0 MPa, whereas non-photochemical quenching (qN) remained high throughout the drought treatment. White spruce families with inferior growth performance showed higher values of Fm, Fv, Fv = Fm, Fp, and qN at WP< - 2.0MPa. The results indicated that chlorophyll fluorescence variables can be used as drought markers in relation to present or predicted climate conditions. These could be used for selecting planting stock adapted to drought periods or dry environments. These markers showed that slow-growing genotypes are better adapted to drought conditions than intermediate or fast-growing genotypes in present and predicted drought conditions.     

干旱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和光合特性的影响

为了研究干旱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和光合特性的影响,以黄瓜幼苗为试材,采用盆栽试验,研究PEG模拟干旱对黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和光合特性的影响。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫浓度的提高和胁迫时间的延长,黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光的降幅增大。干旱胁迫1天,5%PEG与对照(CK)之间叶绿素总含量差异不显著,10%、20%PEG处理叶绿素总含量较CK分别降低5.2%、16.3%,干旱胁迫2天,5%、10%、20%PEG处理叶绿素总含量较CK分别降低8.6%、12.0%、37.2%。干旱胁迫1天,CK和5%PEG处理之间Pn、E、Gs差异不显著,CK、5%、10%、20%PEG处理之间Ci差异显著,干旱胁迫2天,CK、5%、10%、20%PEG处理之间Pn、E、Ci差异显著。干旱胁迫2天,5%、10%、20%PEG处理的YIELD较CK分别降低2.4%、8.7%和13.2%,ETR较CK分别降低8.5%、17.6%和40.2%,qP较CK分别降低4.6%、9.3%和12.7%,qN较CK分别降低8.7%、18.1%和66.6%。