基于荧光光谱结合宽度学习的白菜农药残留量检测方法

为了高效监控蔬菜中农药残留情况,利用荧光光谱技术检测白菜中吡虫啉农药残留量。首先通过三维荧光光谱确定400nm为吡虫啉的最佳激发波长;其次通过分析6种预处理算法和2种降维算法,分别选出多元散射校正(Multiple scattering calibration, MSC)和无信息变量消除(Uninformative variable elimination, UVE)作为最佳的预处理与波长选择方法;宽度学习系统(Broad learning system, BLS)用于荧光光谱建模,同时与偏最小二乘回归(Partial least squares regression, PLSR)、支持向量机(Support vector machine, SVM)和深度极限学习机(Deep extreme learning machines, DELM)等经典模型进行比较。结果显示BLS模型获得了最佳吡虫啉含量预测效果,测试集决定系数R■达0.949,均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)达0.347 mg/kg。表明了荧光光谱技术结合宽度学习预测农药残留量的可行性,可...     

Agronomical and morphological differentiation among winter and spring triticales

A collection of 299 secondary hexaploid triticale cultivars and advanced breeding lines from 18 countries, which were considered a representative sample of the existing diversity, was evaluated for morphological and agronomical characters with autumn planting at Lleida, Spain, from 1988 to 1991. The entries were classified as having winter (84) or spring (215) growth habit and among this latter group were complete (73) or substituted (147) types according to CIMMYT's terminology. Winter and spring triticales were grouped by cluster and principal component analyses. Winter triticales were taller with longer growth cycles, longer spikes, and more spikelets per spike than spring types. At early stages they also had prostrate growth. Spring-substituted types were separated from complete material. As a group, spring-substituted triticales differed more from winter types than the spring complete genotypes, which showed intermediate characteristics. Complete types of spring habit had tendency to be taller, with longer spikes, more spikelets per spike and bigger and heavier grains than substituted triticales. Greater variation in morphological and agronomical parameters was detected among winter triticales followed by the complete-spring group.     

双道原子荧光光谱同时测定土壤中砷、汞的方法研究

研究了土壤中总As、总Hg的同时测定方法,并对消化体系进行了筛选,利用正交试验设计法对测试条件进行了优化.建立了用王水消解样品,在10%盐酸溶液中用双道原子荧光光度计同时测定土壤中As、Hg的新方法.方法线性范围宽(As 0～200μg/L;Hg 0～10μg/L);检出限低(As 0.05μg/L;Hg 0.007μg/L);As的回收率为96.0%～101.0%,Hg的回收率为97.0%～103.7%;相对标准偏差(RSD)As为2.7%,Hg为4.5%.该方法准确、简便、快速,结果令人满意.     

模拟冷链温度波动对CdTe量子点荧光淬灭性能的影响

为了探索CdTe量子点在冷链储运过程中的荧光淬灭性能,分别研究了贮藏温度(25、4、-5和-20℃)、温度波动幅度(4℃波动至25℃和40℃)以及波动频率(每30min和60min波动)等因素对其的影响程度.研究结果表明,贮藏温度及时间对量子点荧光淬灭有显著影响(P＜0.05),贮藏温度越高,量子点荧光淬灭速度越快;冷链环境模拟试验发现冷链温度波动幅度越大、波动频率越高,量子点荧光淬灭速度越快,这与食品品质变化特点极其相似;且贮藏温度、温度波动幅度和频率对量子点HSV值有显著影响.研究结论表明,CdTe量子点在食品冷链储运监控方面具有一定的应用潜力.     

Diagnosis of the nitrogen status of wheat at tillering and prognosis for maximal grain yield

Abstract

From a field experiment in which wheat was supplied with nitrogen fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, or 400 kg ha^‐1N, a correlation existed between nitrate concentration in wheat stems at tillering and subsequent grain yield. At early tillering, NO₃‐N concentrations around 8,000 μg g^‐1 were indicative of sufficient nitrogen in the crop‐soil system for maximum grain yield.

Averaging the results of this experiment with those from another seven field experiments, it was concluded that at tillering, the prognostic levels of NO₃‐N concentration in stems were: below 4000 μg g^‐1 deficient, between 4000 and 6000 μg g^‐1 intermediate, between 6000 and 10000 μg g^‐1 sufficient and above 10000 excessive for maximum grain yield. These values are applicable in a wide range of water supply conditions and to a number of cereal genotypes.     

Analysis of cationic elements in liquid samples by x‐ray

Abstract

Plant analyses methods have expanded immensely to document plant mineral element deficiency and toxicity disorders and to note mineral element interactions. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using cation exchange papers for the extraction of cationic elements from solutions to be analyzed by x‐ray fluorescence. The cationic elements Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were effectively extracted from solutions by one exchange resin paper disk if solutions were passed several times through the exchange resin paper. Calcium and Mg were extracted from solutions if two or three separate exchange papers were used, and K was not extracted from solutions with the use of up to five separate exchange papers. The relatively high concentrations of K in solutions and the relatively low exchange capacity of ion exchange resin papers apparently prevented the effective removal of K from solution. The detectability limits on the exchange resin disks by this technique were <2.8 μg Al, 0.5 μg Fe, 0.10 μg Mn, 0.10 μg Zn, and 0.08 μg Cu. Extraction of cationic elements from solutions for x‐ray analysis appeared practical and relatively rapid for Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, less practical for Ca and Mg, and impractical for K.     

基于叶绿素荧光成像的玉米苗期叶片光合特性垂直分布

作物的综合光合作用能力直接决定粮食产量,探明作物光合特性分布机制是开发新品种、研发新农艺的一个关键科学问题。为探究玉米植株光合特性的垂直分布规律,该研究利用荧光成像技术对不同品种和不同氮、水处理的5叶期样本进行图像采集,对植株不同叶片的荧光淬灭特性及荧光参数进行分析。荧光淬灭特性分析表明,叶片光量子产量随垂直高度的增加呈上升趋势;由非加权组平均法聚类产生的四类淬灭特性中,郑单958在不同环境中的荧光淬灭垂直分布异质性小于先玉335和浚单20。关键荧光参数分析结果表明,叶片最大光能转换效率、实际光能转换效率、光反应电子传递活性随垂直高度的增加呈上升趋势,除衰老叶片外的非光化学能量耗散差异性不显著。光合特性垂直分布分析表明,不同土壤氮含量下样本的最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）有较为显著的二次函数分布特征,随着土壤氮含量的降低,垂直分布的异质性增大;不同品种间的稳态光适应光化学淬灭（qL_Lss）有较为显著的一次函数分布特征,郑单958表现出较强的抗逆性。基于机器学习方法,以荧光参数垂直分布数据分类植株组别的结果表明,郑单958样本的最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）、微量土壤氮含量下样本的最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）和干旱环境下样本的稳态非光化荧光淬灭（NPQ_Lss）判别准确率分别达0.82、0.94和0.88,与其他处理及荧光参数相比,垂直分布规律更显著;其他荧光参数的分布特征并不能有效判别样本组别。将叶片按植株形态学自下而上排序,由植株叶片光合垂直异质性关键叶片分析,第2片叶片可以作为垂直分布的\     

Evaluation of proline analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching measurements as drought tolerance indicators in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

Summary The possibility of using proline accumulation and fluorescence inhibition as predictive tests for drought tolerance in durum wheat has been investigated. The drought susceptibility of 25 genotypes was evaluated by comparing yields and yield components in irrigated and non irrigated conditions in the field. A drought susceptibility index (DSI) was calculated based on yields from irrigated and dry treatments and compared with the results obtained using the two physiological criteria. Proline accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence inhibition were found to be significantly and negatively correlated with DSI of grain yield, biological yield, and thousand kernel weight, and tiller index. The use of both criteria for breeding durum wheat in Mediterranean dryland is discussed.     

堆肥过程中水溶性有机物常规荧光与固体表面荧光光谱比较

为研究固体表面荧光表征堆肥有机质结构及物质转化特征的可行性,采集堆肥原样,提取水溶性有机物,分别对两者的含碳量及前者的固体表面荧光和后者的常规荧光光谱进行分析。结果显示：堆肥过程中,水溶性有机物占总堆肥有机物的比例不断下降,第40天降至5.1 g/kg。堆肥进行时,水溶性有机物的发射、激发光谱及同步荧光光谱中的类腐殖质荧光的强度均不断增强,而堆肥原样的激发、发射和同步3种扫描形式的固体表面荧光却不断降低。3种荧光光谱中,堆肥原样和水溶性有机物的同步荧光光谱在常规荧光光谱和固体表面荧光中都出现了类蛋白和类腐     

钙过量对茶树光合特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响

茶树是一种嫌钙植物,本文通过砂培试验,研究了不同钙过量水平对茶树光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、叶片色素含量、叶绿体超微结构及茶树新梢生长的影响,旨在探明钙过量对茶树光合生理的影响,同时为解释高钙茶园中茶树生长不良提供一定的理论依据。结果表明: 不同钙过量处理,随着钙浓度的升高,茶树净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs） 逐渐降低; 茶树叶片Chl a/Chl b升高,总Chl含量逐渐降低; 茶树叶片原初光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）、光合电子传递量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）逐渐降低,初始荧光（Fo）则升高; 叶绿体片层结构遭到破坏; 同时钙过量处理的茶树新梢生长受到抑制,其节间距、新梢长度、展叶数、叶面积均明显低于对照。上述结果说明: 钙过量处理在一定程度上可引起光合系统膜结构的破坏,导致电子传递链受阻,茶树叶片光能利用效率降低,从而影响茶树新梢的生长。