Application of the selective inhibition method to determine bacterial: fungal ratios in three beechwood soils rich in carbon — Optimization of inhibitor concentrations

Bacterial and fungal contributions to microbial respiration in three beechwood soils rich in C (two basalt soils and one limestone soil) were investigated by using streptomycin and cycloheximide to inhibit substrate-induced respiration after glucose (8000 g g^-1), N, and P addition to soil samples. The inhibitors were added as solutions (2000, 8000, and 16000 g g^-1) and the reduction in substrate-induced respiration after separate and combined inhibitor addition was measured in an automated electrolytic microrespirometer. Bacterial and fungal contributions to microbial respiration were calculated using the interval 6–10 h after inhibitor application. The microbial biomas was smaller in the two basalt soils (Oberhang and Mittelhang) than in the limestone soil (Unterhang). In the presence of both inhibitors, microbial respiration was inhibited by a maximum of 45, 45, and 25% in the two basalt soils and the limestone soil, respectively. Inhibition of microbial respiration was at a maximum at streptomycin and cycloheximide concentrations of 16000 g g^-1. The inhibitor additivity ratio approached 1.0 even at high inhibitor concentrations, indicating high inhibitor selectivity. Calculated prokaryote: eukaryote ratios indicated lower bacterial contributions to the microbial biomass in the Mettelhang (0.74) and Unterhang (0.73) than in the Oberhang (0.88) soil.     

Benchmark stem densities for forests and woodlands in south-eastern Australia under conditions of relatively little modification by humans since European settlement

Estimates of forest and woodland structure prior to major periods of modification (e.g. prior to European settlement) are routinely used to inform decisions relating to biodiversity conservation, silviculture and carbon sequestration potential in natural forests and woodlands. The techniques used to derive these estimates often demand that data be collected from specific geographic locations (e.g. locations for which historic survey records exist, where pollen accumulates, or where there is little modification by humans since European settlement) and therefore are often inherently biased. In this study we predicted numbers of trees by diameter class for several widespread forest and woodland types in south-eastern Australia under conditions of relatively little modification by humans since European settlement. To do this we fitted Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) separately to counts of stems in eight diameter classes from 495 plots using explanatory variables representing human modification, environmental variation and natural disturbances. We predicted stem densities under conditions of relatively little modification by humans since European settlement from these models by holding the significant explanatory variables representing modification by humans at minimum observed values. We compared these predictions with published estimates of pre-European stem densities and estimates that we derived for stands at theoretical equilibrium using the quotient of diminution (q). Our mean predictions were broadly comparable with estimates derived from both of these sources; however, we appeared to over-estimate numbers of stems in the smaller diameter classes for some vegetation alliances. A key outcome of this research – and rarely reflected in other techniques used to predict pre-European forest structure – was the amount of variation in stem numbers even within a single diameter class and vegetation alliance. For example, in the white box vegetation alliance, flat parts of the landscape supported 5 times the number of large trees (>80 cm DBH) found on upper slopes under conditions of relatively little modification by humans since European settlement. Our results therefore suggest that these forests and woodlands are more structurally heterogeneous than typically reflected in pre-European estimates and vegetation alliance should not be the unit for managing these stands. The methodology we present is applicable in many forests where the objective is to predict forest structure under conditions of relatively little modification by humans.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.     

浙江天台山七子花林土壤动物群落结构特征与动态变化

2000年4月至2001年4月逐月对浙江天台山七子花林土壤动物群落特征进行调查研究,初步分析凋落物、季节、海拔等因素对土壤动物群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)蜱螨目(57.06%)和弹尾目(21.21%)为七子花林的优势类群,膜翅目(4.72%)、双翅目(3.65%)、综合纲(2.74%)、寡毛纲(2.68%)和鞘翅目(2.57%)为常见类群。(2)七子花林各样地土壤动物的个体数量在5月份和11月份都表现为峰值,在7月份至8月份的干热期个体数量明显下降。(3)处于中海拔地区(780m)呈共优群落的七子花林样地土壤动物的密度最大、类群数最多、多样性指数最高。(4)各样地土壤动物在土层中的垂直分布表现出明显表聚性特点,然而,在7月份至8月份的干热期,出现底层土壤动物个体数量多于表层的逆分布现象。     

The Increasing Importance of Small-Scale Forestry: Evidence from Family Forest Ownership Patterns in the United States

The state-level distribution of the size of family forest holdings in the contiguous United States was examined using data collected by the USDA Forest Service in 1993 and 2003. Regressions models were used to analyze the factors influencing the mean size and structural variation among states and between the two periods. Population density, percent of the population at least 65 years of age, percent of the population residing in urban areas, per capita income, income inequality, and per capita private forestland were found to be significantly correlated with the structure of landholding size. This paper suggests that the number and proportion of small-scale family forest owners in the United States are both increasing due to the increasing importance of non-timber amenities to forest landowners.

贺兰山山地疏林草原主要植物花粉形态观察

采用扫描电子显微镜,对贺兰山山地疏林草原建群种,优势种、伴生种等10种主要植物的花粉形态进行了 细致的观察,并进行了详细的描述。掌握了它们在扫描电子显微镜下的形态特征。结果表明,在扫描电子显微镜下,花 粉的外壁纹饰非常清晰,萌发器官类型鉴定准确。同时表明这10种归属于不同科、属的植物,其花粉形态均存在明显差异。     

肯尼亚纳瓦沙湖区两种共生物种的生境分割

肯尼亚纳瓦沙(Naivasha)和内库路(Nakuru)湖区有2种共生画眉鸟,即黑智画眉(Turdoides sharpie)和箭纹画眉(T. jardeneii)。本文研究旨在评价肯尼亚纳瓦沙湖区2种鸟的生境分割机制。沿纳瓦沙和欧罗依登(Oloiden)湖岸线,每种鸟取7组样本,对其所属的生境特点进行研究。2种鸟所属的生境显著不同,箭纹画眉仅属于岸线上地被丰盛的密林中,而黑智画眉则属于地被低矮的丛状疏林中。文章同时也讨论了2种鸟的摄食习惯和社会行为。图2表4参18。     

桉树造林与林地生态保护

通过我国南方桉树造林的历史与现状分析,结合赣南的实际,阐述了桉树造林与林地生态保护的关系,并在此基础上就桉树造林与林地生态保护措施进行探讨.     

栓皮栎水源林林木耗水尺度扩展方法研究

北京是一个严重缺水的城市 ,年均可供利用的水资源总量为 4 0 0亿～ 4 2 0亿m3 ,人均 35 0m3 ,为世界平均水平的 1 3,为全国的 1 7。水资源短缺已经成为制约北京城市发展和社会事业进步的主要因子。北京市辖区内现有各类林业用地约 90万hm2 ,其中以水源保护林为主的有林地 4 6万hm2 ,主要树种为栎类(Qurcus)、油松 (Pinustabulaeformis)、刺槐 (Robiniapseudoacacia)、山杨 (Populusdavidiana)、侧柏 (Platycladusorientalis)等 ,对涵养和保护北京市水资源发挥着巨大作用。袁嘉祖 (1999)利用线性规划方法 ,按照国民经济发展对水资源合理分…     

URban Biotopes of Aotearoa New Zealand (URBANZ) II: Floristics, biodiversity and conservation values of urban residential and public woodlands, Christchurch

Urban forests are increasingly valued for multiple benefits such as amenity, cultural values, native biodiversity, ecosystem services, and carbon sequestration. Urban biodiversity in particular, is the new focus although global homogenisation is undermining regional differentiation. In the northern hemisphere (e.g., Canada and USA) and in the southern hemisphere, particularly in countries like South Africa, Australia, South America and New Zealand, local biodiversity is further impacted by historical colonisation from Europe. After several centuries, urban forests are now composed of synthetic and spontaneous mixtures of native species, and exotic species from around the temperate world (e.g., Europe, North and South America, South Africa, Asia). As far as we are aware no-one has carried out in-depth study of these synthetic forests in any Southern Hemisphere city. Here we describe the composition, structure, and biodiversity conservation imperatives of urban temperate forests at 90 random locations in Christchurch city, New Zealand.We document considerable plant diversity; the total number of species encountered in the 253 sampled urban forest patches was 486. Despite this incredibly variable data set, our ability to explain variation in species richness was surprisingly good and clearly indicates that total species richness was higher in larger patches with greater litter and vegetation cover, and taller canopy height. Species richness was also higher in patches surrounded by higher population densities and closer to very large native forest patches. Native species richness was higher in patches with higher soil pH, lower canopy height, and greater litter cover and in patches closer to very large native forest patches indicating dispersal out of native areas and into gardens. Eight distinct forest communities were identified by Two-Way INdicator SPecies ANalysis (TWINSPAN) using the occurrence of 241 species that occurred in more than two out of all 253 forest patches.Christchurch urban forest canopies were dominated by exotic tree species in parklands and in street tree plantings (linear parkland). Native tree and shrub species were not as common in public spaces but their overall density high in residential gardens. There was some explanatory power in our data, since less deprivation resulted in greater diversity and density, and more native species, which in turn is associated with private ownership. We hypothesise that a number of other factors, which were not well reflected in our measured environmental variables, are responsible for much of the remaining variation in the plant community structure, e.g., advertising, peoples choice. For a more sustainable asset base of native trees in New Zealand cities we need more, longer-lived native species, in large public spaces, including a greater proportion of species that bear fruit and nectar suitable for native wildlife. We may then achieve cities with ecological integrity that present multiple historical dimensions, and sequester carbon in legible landscapes.