巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区大型真菌调查初报

巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区是四川省的省级自然保护区，具有典型的干热河谷景观。此次报道了巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区部分地区大型真菌的初步调查结果，采用目前国内外普遍使用的Ainsworth（1973）的分类系统进行分类。采集到的这些真菌属于隶2个亚门，5纲，9目，26科，47属，91种；其中食用菌64种（不包括有人食用安然无恙，有人食用中毒的菌类）、毒菌14种（包括有人食用中毒的菌类）。药用菌6种（包括药用菌和抗癌菌，其中不包括兼有药用功效的菌类）、木腐菌14种、菌根菌36种、其他7种（包括不明成分和用途的一些种类）。巴塘竹巴笼自然保护区动植物资源比较丰富，有益的食用菌、药用菌及菌根真菌种类相对较多，菌物资源的开发与利用潜力较大。     

我国食用菌种质资源现状及其发展趋势

对近年来我国食用菌种质资源调查现状和存在问题进行了分析总结,提出了要加大食用菌种质资源调查与保藏的科研投入,加强食用菌种质资源的鉴定评价、创新与利用研究,尽早确定国家知识产权战略,防止食用菌种质资源流失等发展对策.     

Correlation between Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Host-Selective Plant Pathogen Mycotoxins

Toxin, one of the most important factors of plant fungal disease, has attracted much attention of many academicians who have been studying pathogen mycotoxin in deep research. The paper summarized chemical structures of some host-selective plant pathogen mycotoxins discovered in recent years and the correlation between biological activity and chemical structure of toxin.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizas and performance of Polylepis australis trees in relation to livestock density

Polylepis australis trees endemic to Argentina dominate the canopy of subtropical high altitude forests. Here, livestock rearing is the main economic activity and is suspect of the low performance of P. australis trees through direct and indirect effects which could include the reduction in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their benefit to trees. To elucidate the role of AMF, we compare plant performance indicators, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and AMF communities in 20 trees distributed in two areas of central Argentina which differed in livestock grazing intensity. The area with high livestock density presented more soil degradation and trees with a lower overall plant performance than the area with reduced livestock density. The AM colonization values of P. australis were considerably higher than reported for other tree species and the area with high livestock density had a lower proportion of arbuscules and higher proportion of hyphae, while vesicles and AM colonization – all structure considered together – did not differ between areas. Overall AMF spore number and of most species when considered separately was significantly higher in the area with high livestock density, suggesting a high tolerance and adaptation of AMF to livestock. We conclude that a reduction in livestock improves the performance of P. australis, that this improvement could be mediated by an increase in the proportion of arbuscules, but there does not appear to be any limitation in AM colonization or AMF spore number which could otherwise be limiting forest restoration.     

6种白腐菌腐朽前后的山杨木材酚酸种类和含量变化的高效液相色谱分析

研究阔叶树上的6种木材白腐菌火木层孔菌、粗毛盖菌、偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、冬拟多孔菌和血红密孔菌对山杨材腐朽前后木材中游离酚酸种类和含量的变化情况.结果表明:受6种白腐菌腐朽后的山杨木材中酚酸的种类和含量各不相同,在山杨材被分解120 d后,偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、血红密孔菌和冬拟多孔菌的9种游离酚酸总含量远大于粗毛盖菌和火木层孔菌的9种游离酚酸总含量,表明前4种对木质素分解能力较强的菌种获得了较高含量的酚酸;但从9种游离酚酸总的含量上看,与各菌种对木材和木质素的分解百分率不尽相同,初步分析的原因表明在木质素被分解的过程中除了有这9种游离酚酸产生以外,可能还会产生其他的游离酚酸以及苯环二聚体、三聚体和各种寡聚体以及杂环的形式,所有这些苯环结构总体造成了对木质素分解百分率的差异. 对9种酚酸进行分析测试,只构成对木质素分解的一部分,不足以用来解释对木质素的全部分解能力,其他的酚酸和游离酚酸以外的苯环结构还有待进一步研究分析测试;从各种游离酚酸单个含量上看,各种白腐菌的种类和含量都各不相同,表明不同白腐菌对同一木质纤维基质的分解途径、中间降解产物各不相同.另外,未腐朽的木材中本身就含有一些微量的酚酸成分,这些酚酸在生物分解过程中会降解和转化成其他成分, 是否有可能转化成其他种类的酚酸还有待进一步证明.     

Effects of single and dual inoculation with selected microsymbionts (rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) on field growth and nitrogen fixation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calliandra calothyrsus</Emphasis> Meissn

Our study aimed to assess the effect of dual inoculation with the selected Rhizobium strain KWN35 and the arbuscular mycorrhizal isolate BEG 176 (Glomus etunicatum) on the growth of Calliandra calothyrsus cultivated under irrigation in the field in Senegal (Dakar) over a period of 24 months. Although plants inoculated with both microsymbionts grew better (height and root collar diameter) than plants from three other inoculation treatments (control, single inoculation with KWN35 or BEG 176), these results were not statistically different except at 1 and 5 months after field transplantation. KWN35 was present in a relatively high percentage of nodules harvested from plants inoculated with this rhizobial strain either alone or with mycorrhiza (approximately 60% and 40% 1 and 2 years after field transplantation respectively). The percentage of mycorrhizal root infections was around 60% in the inoculated plants after 12 months with significantly higher N, P and K foliar contents of trees compared with the non-inoculated controls. However, as for nodulation, by 24 months after transplantation, there were no significant differences between treatments. We conclude that field inoculation of C. calothyrsus with Rhizobium strain KWN35 and arbuscular mycorrhizal isolate BEG 176 did not have a long-lasting effect on the growth of trees, even when a majority of nodules were occupied by the inoculated rhizobia and the roots infected by the mycorrhiza. Several reasons can be postulated for these results, such as a possible effect of soil fertility on the efficiency of the nodules.     

Factors affecting the production and regeneration of protoplasts: the case of the mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora from roots of orchids

Protoplast isolation is relevant for many different applications and has been principally used in proceduresnvolving genetic manipulation. In this study, the age of mycelium, osmotic stabilizers, enzyme, incubation temperature and incubation time were evaluated in terms of their effects on protoplast yield. The young mycelia （3 d） of Tulasnella calospora were digested for 6 h at 30℃ in a mixture of 1.2 mol·L-1 MgSO_4 ＋ 10 mmoI·L-1 K2HPO4 as the osmotic stabilizer, with a 1.0% lysing enzyme and 1.5% driselase： more than 106 protoplasts mL-1 were obtained. When collected 3y density gradient centrifugation, the concentration of protoplasts can reach 107-108 protoplasts mL-1, an amount suitable enough for experiments of transformation in fungi. For every 10_5 protoplasts, about 15-25 protoplasts can egenerate after 24-36 h cultivation in a liquid medium and after 8-10 d in an agar medium. This study produced an efficient method for protoplast production, reverting them into a typical mycelia morphology using a Tulasnella calospora solate.     

几种防霉剂对丛生竹防霉效果研究

采用4种不同防霉剂(CCA/SMR、DDAC/IPBC、NCM/IPBC和NCM)对丛生竹梁山慈竹进行防霉处理,研究了防霉剂种类、防霉处理工艺对竹材防霉效果的影响,同时对3种防霉效果检测方法包括实验室培养皿法、野外遮荫法和野外暴露法进行了对比。研究结果表明,本试验条件下CCA/SMR和NCM防霉剂的防霉效果约为2个月,使用浓度分别为1.5%/0.3%和5.0%,可用于竹材贮存、运输、加工过程中的防霉;混合防霉剂DDAC/IPBC和NCM/IPBC的防霉效果更好,可考虑用于竹制品使用过程中的防霉;采用加压处理工艺的竹材,其防霉效果明显优于浸泡处理工艺;3种防霉效果测试方法得出的处理竹材的防霉结果基本一致,但测试的侧重点、针对的霉菌种类和环境影响因素有所不同。对于户外用竹制品防霉效果的测试,以野外暴露测试为主;室内用竹制品或竹材贮运过程中的防霉效果的测试,以实验室培养皿和野外遮荫法测试为主。     

房屋建筑材用防腐剂的毒性试验

通过对十八种药剂配方(其中水溶性配方15种、油溶性配方3种)对木腐菌的毒性试验及对初筛后的配方进行流失后毒性试验,结果表明,水溶性配方中的铜铬砷即CCA_3、CCA_4、CCA_5,铜铬硼即CCB_5配方,以及油溶性配方中的P—B剂的毒性较大。     

鹿蹄草内生真菌的生物学特性的研究

对不同季节、不同地区的野生鹿蹄草进行采样,采用表面消毒法及内生真菌选择性培养基,分离菌根中的内生真菌,并通过回接实验筛选能显著促进鹿蹄草生长的高效菌株;通过改变培养时间、培养温度、pH、碳源、氮源等环境条件,研究高效菌株的生物学特性。