网购食用菌食品质量安全供应链控制措施

近年来,我国食用菌产业发展迅速,由于食用菌的低盐、低脂、低糖、高蛋白等特性,成为新的健康食品。随着电子商务的发展,网购食品成为人们网络购物的重要内容之一,网购食用菌是促进食用菌产业发展的重要途径,人们逐渐更加关注网购食用菌食品质量安全问题。从供应链的角度,采用改进风险矩阵法,探索网购食用菌食品质量安全的关键控制点,探讨保证网购食用菌食品质量安全的控制措施。     

新鲜牛粪便中食线虫真菌的分离和鉴定

从78个新鲜牛粪样中分离到4株食线虫真菌（nematophagous fungi)，通过对其菌丝体、孢子、捕食器官等的形态学观察、测定，2株鉴定为节丛孢属（Arthrobotrys)的寡孢节丛孢菌（A.oligospora)，1株为指状节丛孢菌（A.dactyloides),1株为圆锥状节丛孢菌（A.conoides)。     

Early detection of Neophysopella tropicalis in grapevine leaves and on spore traps by qPCR

Neophysopella tropicalis, one of the causal agents of Asian grapevine leaf rust (AGLR), can cause severe epidemics in Brazil that lead to yield losses in commercial vineyards. An early detection of the pathogen by air sampling of urediniospores on spore traps or in symptomless leaves would be valuable to multiple studies, such as epidemics modelling, risk forecasting, monitoring of pathogen introductions in rust-free areas, and predicting the beginning of epidemics. This study developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) protocol to quantify N. tropicalis urediniospores attached to adhesive tapes and in grapevine leaves before symptom appearance. A specific primer pair was designed based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence region of the AGLR pathogen. Standard amplification curves using genomic DNA from urediniospores of N. tropicalis and from urediniospores attached to adhesive tapes were established. Grapevine leaves inoculated with N. tropicalis were collected at 2, 5, and 7 days postinoculation (dpi). One primer pair (580F/720R) amplified a 140 bp product in all AGLR isolates but did not amplify products of other rust genera, such as Phakopsora, Puccinia, Hemileia, Tranzschelia, Cerotelium, and Coleosporium. As little as 0.1 pg DNA and 10 urediniospores of N. tropicalis attached to adhesive tapes could be detected. qPCR enabled the detection of the pathogen as early as 2 dpi, before symptom appearance. This method can be used to monitor N. tropicalis inoculum in grapevine-growing areas and to quantify symptomless infections of the AGLR pathogen.     

食用菌生产企业社会责任与财务绩效的互动关系分析

食用菌生产企业的社会责任是决定企业可持续发展的关键因素,同时对企业的财务绩效存在多方面影响。基于已有文献研究结论,通过构建回归模型对食用菌生产企业社会责任与财务绩效的相关性进行分析。结果表明,食用菌生产企业对股东、供应商、消费者、政府和社区所承担的社会责任与财务绩效具有正相关关系;而食用菌生产企业对员工承担的社会责任与财务绩效的相关性不显著。     

不同腐烂程度毛竹蔸微生物变化规律

研究不同腐烂程度毛竹蔸中的微生物菌群,结果发现细菌对数值最低为5.477,最高为7.380;真菌对数值最低为5.301,最高为6.903;放线菌对数值最低为5.740,最高为7.000;纤维素降解菌对数值最低为4.301,最高为6.477;木质素降解菌最低为4.415,最高为6.799。毛竹蔸腐烂过程中,前期各菌增长较快;中期细菌、真菌、放线菌对数值不断变化;后期菌对数值都较高;各菌之间存在着一定的协助和竞争。了解竹林砍伐前期的竹蔸腐烂规律,可为砍伐后的竹蔸降解提供参考,同时为竹蔸微生物在种级单位上的分离提供依据。     

Research Development of Higher Fungi in Plant Protection

高等真菌具有多种农用生物活性。概述了高等真菌在杀虫、抑菌、抗病毒、杀线虫活性等方面的研究进展,重点介绍高等真菌代谢产物作为杀菌剂的研究与应用,旨在为高等真菌在植物保护领域的进一步研究利用提供依据。     

Fungal–copper interactions in wood examined with large field of view synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to demonstrate how synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) can be used to better understand the mechanisms of copper tolerance in wood decay fungi. Copper is a major component in commercial wood preservatives as it is toxic to many wood decay fungi. However, certain fungi are copper tolerant and can attack preservative-treated wood, resulting in structural damage to treated wood members. Here we used large-field XFM to visualize six different elements (K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in the mycelia and wood inoculated with four different species of brown rot wood decay fungi. Wood blocks were partially dipped into a solution of copper sulfate, exposed to fungi in malt extract agar petri dish assays for nine weeks, and then imaged and compared to blocks that were partially dipped in water. The blocks were imaged immediately adjacent to an end-matched control that was placed in malt extract agar petri dish assays for 9 weeks, but not exposed to the fungi so that the differences in the elemental distributions could be directly compared. The colonized wood and mycelia were rich in K, Ca, Mn, and Fe; however, the elements and the spatial distribution in the mycelia and wood differed across fungal species. The most interesting results were the maps showing the copper distribution. While three of the four fungi grew on the copper-rich region of the wood, only one species, Fibroporia radiculosa, dramatically reduced the copper concentration in the region of fungal growth.     

采用白腐菌对难降解有机污染物的生物净化

白腐菌对难降解污染物的生物降解作用已引起世界范围内的普遍关注，它可通过其分泌的特殊的降解酶系或其他机制将各种难降解的有机污染物彻底降解为CO₂和H₂O。该文介绍了白腐真菌的生物学特性及其分泌的酶系，阐述了白腐菌所分泌的酶在降解各种难降解有机物中的作用机制，分析了提高白腐菌降解能力的方法，总结了白腐菌在治理环境污染方面的应用现状与研究进展，探讨了白腐菌在实际应用方面的不足以及今后的研究方向，对白腐菌在解决环境污染方面的问题具有实际意义。     

外生菌根菌对红松苗木生长的影响

采用沟施接种方法对3年生红松苗木进行野外单接种及混合接种的试验结果表明：菌株010和菌株025为供试菌株中对红松苗木生长促进效果最佳的菌株,与对照相比,高生长分别提高19．57％和17．04％,地径生长分别提高13．64％和15．91％。接种菌株组合GT001／GT005的苗木高生长仅比对照提高3．80％,其他3个菌株组合的高生长均低于对照;地径生长与对照相比提高0～9．10％。与单接种相比,仅接种菌株组合GT001／GT005苗木的高生长高于单接种菌株GT001和菌株GT005的苗木;接种菌株组合044／009苗木的地径生长介于单接种菌株044和菌株009的苗木之间,而接种其他3个菌株组合苗木的地径生长均低于各自单接种的苗木。     

基于PCR的两步法丝状真菌基因敲除方法

基因敲除是研究真菌基因功能的重要方法之一,目前,丝状真菌敲除多采用基因两侧的同源臂对基因组的靶标进行同源替换,然后采用抗生素对转化子进行筛选,但这存在着筛选效率低、假阳性率高、操作复杂等问题。本研究以稻瘟菌为研究对象,采取以下步骤对此进行优化:1)构建HPH-GFP(潮霉素-绿色荧光蛋白)融合表达载体; 2)分别用带有接头序列的引物克隆待敲除基因上、下游片段; 3)克隆上、下游片段与HPH-GFP组成嵌合体片段; 4)嵌合体片段转化真菌原生质体; 5)对敲除突变体进行筛选。结果表明,该法操作简便、高效,除了用潮霉素HPH作为筛选标记外,还可用GFP作为荧光筛选标记,极大提高了筛选效率,可用作丝状真菌基因功能研究。