单板层积梁弯曲蠕变特性

在自制的弯曲蠕变试验台上对桦木和椴木单板层积梁进行弯曲蠕变试验,蠕变测试采用简支梁中部集中加载的方式。选用的加载应力水平分别为层积梁弯曲极限强度的40%、50%和60%,用百分表记录蠕变数值。实验周期为40～60d。试验结果表明,单板层积梁弯曲蠕变特性受树种、加载应力水平的影响较大,与树种的材性有较大关系:桦木单板层积梁的抗蠕变性能要明显好于椴木单板层积梁;同时,相同树种不同应力状态下,蠕变曲线为非线性的,蠕变过程由于加载应力水平不同而呈不同的规律。蠕变变形量和曲线上的跳跃点随着应力水平的增加有增大的趋势。试验测试过程中,60%应力状态下,椴木单板层积梁在连续加载60d时突然断裂。     

Application of body size spectra to nematode trait-index analyses

Current trait-based indices of soil fauna for assessing soil quality rely on extensive knowledge of life history traits for hyper-diverse groups. We look at the effects of clear-cut forest harvesting and subsequent wood ash application on the free-living nematode community using trait-based indices and body size spectra. We test the hypothesis that body size is a unifying trait and that the body size spectra can be used to demonstrate changes in soil quality while overcoming taxonomic impediments. Undisturbed boreal forest floor soils were compared with clear-cut sites amended with zero, one-half calcium equivalent wood ash, equivalent calcium reintroduction, and twice calcium reintroduction. Total abundance, trait-based metrics for the Maturity Index, and two metrics of body size spectra were calculated. Nematode abundance was not a good indicator of soil disturbance, while traditional trait-based approaches (the summed Maturity Index) demonstrated predicted changes in community structure. Analysis of two types of body size spectra elucidated how the community had changed under disturbance, and revealed that smaller bodied organisms were lost under ash amended treatments compared to both clear-cut and undisturbed forest. Using the body size spectra for nematodes is a simple addition to current trait-based approaches that can supplement soil assessments for disturbance and quality without requiring taxonomic expertise.     

木粉加入量对木／塑复合材料性能影响的研究

研究了聚丙烯与木粉以不同比率复合而成的材料的物理力学性能和复合形态特征。结果表明：不同混合比率的聚丙烯与木粉进行复合后所得的复合材料，除冲击强度有所降低外，其它力学性能均比纯聚丙烯的有较大幅度的提高。木粉表面的酯化处理可以改善木塑界面之间的相容性和复合材料的均匀性。在木塑复合过程中木塑之间发生镶嵌现象使木塑之间产生物理结合。     

Microbial communities in various waters used for fish larval rearing

A major concern in larvae production is a mass mortality caused by fish diseases. In larvae production, pumped‐up natural seawater filtered through a sand filter system is used for fish rearing, and microalgae and rotifer cultures. Here, we investigated the community structures of eukaryotic microbes, as well as total bacteria and vibrios, in various processed ‘waters’ used in a larvae production site. We observed that ultraviolet irradiation of seawater was effective to reduce not only total bacteria and vibrios but also eukaryotic microbes. Moreover, the community structures of total bacteria and vibrios in rearing waters for fish larvae were different from those in rotifer cultures fed with Chlorella, but rather similar to those in natural seawater and microalgae cultures. These results suggest that the bacterial community in rearing waters may originate mainly from natural seawater and then be selected by microalgae in rearing water. Overall, this study provides useful information for avoiding the risk of fish disease outbreaks in a larvae production site.     

框架与框架填充墙结构的统计损伤诊断

提出了一种基于递推随机有限元方法(RSFEM)的随机结构损伤识别方法来识别框架与框架填充墙结构的损伤.在定义了随机损伤指数概念的基础上,考虑模型误差的不确定性和测量噪声的影响,建立了关于随机损伤指数的控制方程.然后,利用RSFEM得到了结构随机损伤指数的统计特性.数值算例的结果显示,新的方法与两步法结合能在考虑模型误差和测量噪声的情况下对结构损伤进行有效识别,且在结构随机参数有较大涨落情况下,该方法与蒙特卡洛模拟法同样有效.     

高密度黄颡鱼—鳙养殖池塘浮游生物种群与理化因子的变化研究

以高密度的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)-鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)分隔养殖池塘为研究对象,分析养殖期间(2013年4月—10月)池塘浮游生物和水体理化因子的变化情况。结果显示,池塘水体温度、p H、DO和总氮指标在养殖期间存在显著差异(P0.01)。Duncan's多重比较显示,温度在6—8月显著高于其他时间(P0.05);总氮在7—9月的含量显著升高(P0.05);氨氮和亚硝态氮在8—10月的含量明显升高(P0.05)。池塘浮游生物的变化表现为:枝角类和桡足类物种数随养殖时间的延长而逐渐减少,其中秀体溞属(Diaphanosoma)占优势;轮虫物种数呈上升趋势,其中臂尾轮虫属(Brachionus)占优势;原生动物物种数在各月份之间差异不明显,以球吸管虫属(Sphaerophrya)为优势种;藻类物种数呈先上升再下降的趋势,其中绿藻门(Chlorophyta)种类占优势,其次为裸藻门(Euglenophyta)种类。基于Dice相似系数的UPGMA聚类和Pearson相关系数的MDS排序均显示池塘水体中浮游生物群落在整个养殖期间可分为2大类,4、5、6、7月各样本聚在一起,8、9、10月各样本聚在一起,表现为前4个月(4—7月)相似性高,而后3个月(8—10月)相似性高;说明池塘浮游生物的群落结构随养殖时间延续发生了改变。     

模糊神经网络的真空木材碳化设备控制系统设计与仿真

针对目前真空木材碳化设备的控制系统具有大滞后、强耦合、时变性以及难以建立精确数学模型等特点,提出了一种模糊神经网络算法的真空木材碳化设备控制系统。通过对输入输出变量、论域及隶属函数的选择,设计出真空木材碳化设备控制器;再将神经网络与模糊控制系统相结合,得到模糊神经控制网络。对模糊神经网络控制器的算法进行了分析;在Matlab环境下编写控制器的程序,用Simulink进行仿真实验。结果表明:模糊神经网络控制器的真空木材碳化设备输出的温度曲线,稳态误差为0、最大偏移量为1℃、调节时间约为8 s、超调量为2%;湿度曲线在6 s时即可达到稳定,稳态误差为0、最大偏差为1%、超调量为4%;加入扰动后,误差能被快速消除,温湿度的波动幅度相对减小,系统的稳定性更强。模糊神经网络控制器,可减小调节时间、消除误差、提高控制精度,具有很好的鲁棒性。将二者结合设计出的模糊神经网络控制器,具有自适应、学习、识别和模糊信息处理等功能,在处理大规模复杂的模糊应用问题方面具有更好的控制效果。     

Plant secondary metabolites, biphenyl, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin effects on aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl removal and microbial community structure in soils

Biphenyl and several plant secondary metabolites (PSM) (carvone, isoprene, limonene, naringin, and coumarin) and surfactant (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, (HP-β-CD)) have been shown to improve aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) removal by several bacterial species. The objective of this study was to determine whether these treatments also affect PCB removal and microbial community structure in a high organic matter soil (Pahokee soil series with 67% organic matter) and low organic matter soil (Woolper soil series with 6% organic matter), as determined by monitoring changes in PCB levels and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profiles in laboratory microcosms amended with these compounds. Biphenyl enhanced di-chlorinated and tri-chlorinated biphenyl removal in both soils, but PSM did not improve removal of these congeners. On the contrary, HP-β-CD decreased PCB removal when used in combination with biphenyl. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that HP-β-CD significantly increased tetra- and penta-chlorinated biphenyl removal from the high organic matter soil, but not from the low organic matter soil. Principal components analysis of PLFA data indicated that HP-β-CD increased proportions of 18:1ω7c associated with Gram-negative bacteria, but decreased 10me16 and 10me17 lipid associated with Gram-positive bacteria, while biphenyl and PSMs had no detectable effects on soil microbial communities. PCB removal was not correlated to any PLFA. In conclusion, PSM previously shown to enhance PCB removal in soil-free systems were not effective in two divergent soils evaluated in this study, and HP-β-CB had increase, decrease, or no effect on PCB removal depending on types of PCB congeners, soils, and co-amendments.     

硅气凝胶在木材-纳米无机质复合材料中的应用

气凝胶是一种新型的纳米多孔结构材料,具有可在纳米尺度控制和剪载的连续的三维网络结构,具有许多优异的性能和广阔的应用前案。结合气凝胶的制备过程,阐述了气凝胶的概念、性能、CO2超临界干燥工艺,探讨了硅气凝胶与木材的结合方式,随着二氧化硅气凝胶在木材科学与技术中的应用,必将给无机质复合木材的研究带来新的动力。     

Compartmentalization response of two clones of hybrid-poplar

A 14-day bioassay indicated the effectiveness of Compartmentalization evident 24 months following wounding of two clones of hybrid-poplar. The boundary pattern adjacent to columns of wound-initiated discoloration indicated that column boundary layer formation was not the sole determinant for the effectiveness of Compartmentalization.