Efficacy of phosphonic acid, metalaxyl-M and copper hydroxide against Phytophthora ramorum in vitro and in planta

The ability of metalaxyl-M, phosphonic acid in the form of phosphonate, and copper hydroxide to inhibit different stages in the life cycle of Phytophthora ramorum , the causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD), was tested in vitro using 12 isolates from the North American forest lineage. In addition, experiments were conducted in planta to study the ability of phosphonic acid injections and metalaxyl-M drenches to control pathogen growth on saplings of California coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia ), and of copper hydroxide foliar sprays to control infection of California bay laurel ( Umbellularia californica ) leaves. Phytophthora ramorum was only moderately sensitive to phosphonic acid in vitro , but was highly sensitive to copper hydroxide. In planta experiments indicated the broad efficacy of phosphonic acid injections and of copper hydroxide sprays in preventing growth of P. ramorum in oaks and bay laurels, respectively. Finally, although metalaxyl-M was effective in vitro , drenches of potted oak trees using this active ingredient were largely ineffective in reducing the growth rate of the pathogen in planta .     

Comparison of the Susceptibility of Quercus petraea, Q. robur and Q. rubra to Collybia fusipes

Collybia fusipes is the cause of a root rot of Quercus petraea (sessile oak), Q. robur (pedunculate oak) and Q. rubra (red oak). This parasite is often reported to cause problems in stands of red oaks and field evidence suggests that this North American oak species is more susceptible than the two European oak species. Young saplings of the three oak species and of chestnut, Castanea sativa, in the glasshouse, and also mature sessile and red oaks growing in the same stand were inoculated with C. fusipes to compare their susceptibility. Red oak, both as young seedlings and mature trees, was more susceptible to C. fusipes than sessile oak. Chestnut seedlings were as susceptible as sessile oak. Susceptibility of pedunculate oak seedlings was intermediate between red oak and sessile oak. In one experiment this species was significantly less susceptible than red oak, and in the other it was as susceptible.     

Effects of Various Silvicultural Systems on Regeneration in Mixed Hardwood Stands of the Southern Appalachians

This study investigated the effects of clear-cutting and several other commonly used silvicultural systems on regeneration at seven sites in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia. These even-aged oak dominated stands ranged in age from 63 to 100 yr and were located on medium quality oak sites (site indices from 18 to 23 m, base age 50). The treatments evaluated included a clear-cut, commercial harvest, shelterwood, leave-tree, group selection, preharvest herbicide, and control.

Mixed model ANOVA was used to analyze treatment response in five species groups: (a) oak (Quercus spp.); (b) maple (Acer spp.); (c) black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.); (d) miscellaneous overstory hardwoods; and (e) midstory species that typically do not occupy main canopy positions in mature stands. Response variables included stem density, importance value, average height for all regeneration, and the tallest 365 stems ha^?1. Comparisons were made among treatments, species groups, and between regeneration of sprout and seedling origin.

Alternative systems with residual trees reduced the regenerations overall mean height growth compared to the clear-cut by 0.34 to 0.74 m. Current conditions indicate oak will be a lesser component of the future stand, represented mostly through stump sprouting, and maple will likely increase in proportion among all treatments.     

柞树单宁的提取及柞树品种间单宁含量的比较

本试验以辽东栎绿叶样品为材料,采用有机溶剂萃取法及分光光度法探讨了柞树单宁提取工艺,并对5种不同柞树品种的绿叶、落叶及枝条中单宁含量进行了比较。结果表明,选用80%乙醇（含1%盐酸）作提取剂,在料液比1∶15、提取时间2.5h、提取温度75℃条件下,单宁的提取量可达206.74mg/g;麻栎的单宁含量较高,绿叶期可达222.02mg/g,落叶期可达177.30mg/g,枝条单宁含量可达67.92mg/g,辽东栎、蒙古栎、锐齿槲栎及槲各有不同。     

引种美国红橡幼龄材的物理力学性质研究

【目的】测定从北美引种的3种美国红橡木材的物理力学性质,以弥补我国家具和室内装修优质木材资源不足的现状。【方法】以引种的14年生(幼龄期)美国红橡纳塔栎(Quercus nuttallii)、舒玛栎(Quercus shumardii)和水栎(Quercus nigra)为研究对象,按照国家标准方法测定其木材的密度、干缩性、冲击韧性、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量等基本物理力学性能指标,分析各指标间的相关性,并采用隶属函数法对各树种木材材性进行综合评价。【结果】3种美国红橡幼龄材气干密度、体积气干干缩率、冲击韧性、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量分别为0.725～0.767 g/cm~3,9.650%～10.622%,216.59～255.14 kJ/m~2,45.57～54.44 MPa,104.24～105.40 MPa,7.11～7.77 GPa。3种美国红橡种间弦向全干干缩率差异极显著(P≤0.01),而种间径向全干干缩率和抗弯强度均差异不显著。相关性分析表明,红橡幼龄材气干密度与抗弯强度极显著相关;顺纹抗压强度与抗弯弹性模量极显著相关,与抗弯强度显著相关;抗弯强度与抗弯弹性模量极显著相关。3种红橡材性综合评价结果显示,纳塔栎和舒玛栎的材性略优于水栎。与其他栎属树种成熟材相比,引种的美国红橡幼龄材的大多数指标均接近其他栎属成熟材水平。【结论】3种美国红橡木材都属于高强度、高等级木材,材性优良,可作为制作家具和室内装修的优质用材。     

栓皮栎人工林林下物种多样性的影响因子

以物种丰富度指数(S)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)反映北京平谷区四座楼自然保护区栓皮栎(Quercusvariabilis)人工林林下物种多样性特征,采用一般线性模型结合方差分析研究环境因子与林下物种多样性的关系,最后通过逐步回归分析找出影响林下物种α多样性的主要环境因子。结果表明:影响栓皮栎人工林灌木层和草本层物种多样性变化的主要环境因子是有区别的,影响灌木层α多样性变化的主要解释因子是林分光照条件(如林冠空隙比例)和地形因素(如坡度),而影响草本层物种α多样性变化的主要解释因子是林龄。这些差异既与灌木、草本植物的生理生态特性有关,也反映了群落内部不同层次间复杂的相互作用。     

昆明市海口林场栎类林分枯落物层及土壤层水源涵养功能的研究

为了研究昆明市海口林场栎类林分枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养功能,为该区域的水源涵养型植被建设、水资源综合管理等方面提供理论依据。在研究区主要栎类林分中设置了9块典型样地,用样地调查法、环刀法、烘干法、浸泡法对各林分枯落物层和土壤层进行了水文效应研究。结果表明：不同栎类林分的枯落物层和土壤层的各项指标都不同,枯落物层的有效拦蓄量范围为9.39～10.25 t/hm²;土壤层的有效蓄水量范围为323.60～440.60 t/hm²。3种林分综合蓄水量最大的是滇青冈混交林449.99 t/hm²,滇石栎混交林次之415.92 t/hm²,最小的是锥连栎混交林333.85 t/hm²。土壤是林分水源涵养功能的主体,但枯落物也发挥着减缓地表径流,改善土壤结构等重要作用。     

Biomass, diversity and composition of epiphytic macrolichens in primary and secondary forests in the subtropical Ailao Mountains, SW China

Epiphytic macrolichen litterfall was collected over 3 years from primary evergreen broad-leaved forests (PF), Populus bonatii secondary forests (PBSF), middle-aged oak secondary forests (MOSF) and old-aged oak secondary forests (OOSF) of the Ailao Mountains in SW China. To assess changes in the epiphyte communities of the subtropical forests, we compared the differences in biomass, species diversity and community structure of epiphytic lichens from the four forest types. A total of 51 species were recorded in this study. Species richness was highest in the PF, while α-diversity was highest in the MOSF. Lichen biomass differed markedly across the four forest types and was highest in the MOSF. The contribution of each dominant species to total biomass, except Nephromopsis ornata, was significantly different among forest types. Moreover, the percent contribution of foliose chlorolichens to litterfall tended to be higher in later-succession forest types, whereas the contributions of cyanolichens and fruticose chlorolichens were lower in these forest types. Compared to the PF, the lichen community structure in secondary forests differed significantly, implying that at least a few hundred years were needed for the restoration of these lichen communities. In particular, nineteen lichens were suggested as indicators, and eleven of them were present in the MOSF. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the observed differences were mainly attributed to canopy openness and the size of the largest tree, which represented an environmental gradient from exposed to sheltered habitats. The diversity of host tree species was also important in determining the composition and distribution of macrolichens. Our findings support the idea that the maintenance of the forest landscape mosaic of heterogeneous forest types may be an important management practice to maintain or promote the epiphytic lichen community of the subtropical Ailao Mountains.     

宝天曼栎类天然次生林主要树木种群结构及空间分布格局

以宝天曼国家级自然保护区正在恢复过程中的栎类天然次生林作为研究对象,通过每木定位,并利用MAPGIS7.0对坐标信息分割,研究了主要树木种群的结构特征及空间分布格局。结果表明:锐齿栎的重要值为0.589 6,为当地的绝对优势种群;6种聚集度指标计算结果表明,栎类种群主要呈均匀分布;不同胸径大小级的栎类种群空间分布格局呈现一定规律,即随着栎类种群平均胸径的增加,空间分布格局从聚集分布向随机分布状态发展,而最近邻体平均距离从0.75m增加到1.42m;0～1m和1～2m距离范围内的林木株数比例分别从45%和46%递减到42%和33%。随着恢复过程的向前发展,该地栎类种群聚集程度逐渐减小,林分趋于动态平衡。     

湖南针栎混交林直径分布及演替动向

为揭示湖南省针栎混交林林分结构,了解林分树种更替过程以及指导针栎混交林抚育间伐奠定理论基础,以湖南省5块针栎混交林样地为研究对象,采用偏度和峰度描述栎类林分的直径分布特征,利用正态分布、Weibull分布、Gamma分布以及Logistic分布函数分别对针栎全林分和栎类林分的直径分布进行拟合,同时以林分株数变化动态为依据,分析针栎混交林的演替动向。结果表明:1)5个样地的偏度系数>0,说明栎类直径分布曲线为左偏,林分中中小径阶的栎类林木所占比重较大。除5号样地在2004年的峰度<0外,其余样地的峰度>0,表明栎类直径分布相对比较集中,呈现尖峰态;2)Weibull分布函数和Gamma分布函数更适于拟合针栎全林分和栎类林分的直径分布规律,但在拟合栎类林分的直径分布规律时效果更优;3)针栎混交林分中的栎类比例随着生长时间的延长逐渐增加,而针叶树逐步退化,针栎混交林逐步演替为阔栎混交林。