Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: problems confronting small-scale producers

Vegetables attract high applications of pesticides, and farmers in developing countries use many acutely toxic insecticides to control pests on these crops. With the liberalisation of agricultural markets in developing countries, the number of small-scale farmers growing vegetables for both domestic and export markets is increasing. Demand for supplies of year-round and exotic fruit and vegetables has grown in industrialised countries, but with rising quality standards and traceability requirements it is difficult for small-scale farmers to benefit from this lucrative non-traditional agricultural export trade. The demand is high for vegetables in the expanding cities in developing countries, and farmers in peri-urban areas, or rural areas with good access to the cities, are in a position to find a growing market for their produce. Poor storage facilities will often mean that farmers are forced to sell at peak times when prices are low. Farmers rarely have access to training in pesticide use, and have only limited or no access to advice on the complicated management of pesticides. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN is concerned about high levels of poor quality and adulterated pesticides on sale in developing countries. Surveys repeatedly show that without training, farmers are unable to make good crop decisions: recognition of pests and their predators is generally low, leading to decisions to spray to kill any insect; knowledge of product selection, application rates and timing is poor; different products are often combined in the belief that the effect will be greater; re-entry periods after spraying and essential harvest intervals are not known; and without knowledge of alternatives, farmers will often assume that the only solution to pest problems is to spray more frequently. From a consumer's point of view, few developing countries are able to monitor pesticide residues, particularly for produce grown for home consumption: most countries do not have laboratories for even simple residue testing. Changes in European Maximum Residue Limits means that export crops will be rejected if they contain residues at the Limit of Detection of pesticides not registered in Europe. Season-long field level training in Integrated Pest Management can help farmers to become better decision-makers, and to greatly reduce pesticide use while reducing risks to their own health and environment, producing safer products for consumers, maintaining yields, and increasing incomes.     

元谋冬早蔬菜病害发生特点及其防治对策

 近年来,元谋冬早蔬菜病害发生频繁,作者通过5年的调查和试验,摸清了冬早蔬菜病害的种类.对番茄晚疫病,黄瓜霜霉病,辣椒疫病,菜豆锈病等主要病害的发生特点,危害,进行了研究,提出了冬早蔬菜病害的防治要点.     

昆明近郊水稻土、菜园土、大棚土养分调查

2002年5月对昆明近郊水稻土、菜园土、大棚土136个土壤样品进行了测试分析,了解昆明近郊水稻土、菜园土、大棚土3种土壤肥力现状。结果表明:有机质、全N、全P、碱解N、速效P在耕作中不存在缺乏现象。全K3种土壤全层都缺乏。速效K在水稻土、菜园土的20～40cm、40～60cm土层中缺乏,其余土壤的土层不缺乏。     

蔬菜潜叶蝇的寄主种类及其发生动态规律初报

经2001～2003年调查表明,在黑龙江省大庆市为害蔬菜的潜叶蝇主要有4种：美州斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇、番茄斑潜蝇和豌豆彩潜蝇,其中南美斑潜蝇为大庆市的优势种。不同潜叶蝇的发生危害具有明显的寄主选择性和季节差异性。潜叶蝇在我市危害的寄主植物涉及到14科54种之多,几种潜叶蝇发生的季节动态规律各有不同。     

菰核型分析和性细胞分裂的异常

本文进行了菰（ＺｉｚａｎｉａＣａｄｕｃｉｆｌｏｒａ（Ｔｕｒｃｚ．）Ｎａｎｄ－ｍａｚｚ．）染色体的核型分析，报道了菰染色体数目为ｚｎ＝３４，菰的花粉母细胞在减数分裂过程中，有一定数量的细胞表现了染色体的不规则行为，大部分表现在染色体的轻微落后和中期有明显的核仁存在，说明菰性细胞染色体行为不是完全稳定的，目的在于为野生菰在育种中的利用提供理论依据。     

地被植物过路黄研究初报

介绍了地被植物过路黄的形态特征、生态习性、繁殖与栽培方法以及用途。     

我国蔬菜产地整体格局的变化分析

在分析了我国蔬菜产地格局变化的基础上，探悉了蔬菜产地格局变化的经济学原因，并指出了未来我国蔬菜产地格局的变化趋势。     

果蔬采后高O2处理研究进展

综述了高O2处理对果蔬采后呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、色泽、品质、褐变及病原微生物的影响,分析了高O2处理在果蔬保鲜中的可行性与应用前景.     

Experimental Research on the Evolution of Hysteresis Curve of Rock in Different Axial Stress Levels

对天然杀菌剂茉莉酮酸酯、芥子油苷、蜂胶、醋酸瓜类萎蔫醇、壳聚糖、香精油剂等控制果蔬采后腐烂的方法与作用机制进行调研,研究结果表明,天然杀菌剂具有较好的抗菌作用.     

蔗渣作蔬菜工厂化育苗基质的生物处理与施肥措施研究

本研究通过堆沤和增施氮肥处理，可使蔗渣成为育苗效果与泥炭相当的蔬菜工厂化育苗基质。研究结果表明，经３，６，９个月堆沤的蔗渣在施基本氮（１．０ｇＮＨ４ＮＯ３／Ｌ）时分别增施２．０，１．５和１．０ｇＮＨ４ＮＯ３／Ｌ，其效果与泥炭相当，而堆沤１２个月蔗渣施基本氮即可与泥炭的效果相当。在堆沤时适当增大堆体体积有利于促进蔗渣的使用效果；若堆沤时每１００ｋｇ蔗渣加入０．５ｋｇ尿素堆沤２个月，在使用时追施基本氮