东北地区野生猕猴桃生物学特性的分析与研究

对东北地区野生猕猴桃的生物学特性进行了系统地分析与研究。结果表明,东北地区野生猕猴桃有着丰富的遗传多样性,软枣猕猴桃、狗枣猕猴桃及葛枣猕猴桃在形态特征、物候期、果实经济性状等方面存在明显差异。     

柴河林业局野生动物资源及其保护利用

文章通过柴河林业局野生动物资源现状,分析了保护管理工作存在主要问题,最后提出野生动物资源保护与合理利用的措施。     

福州宦溪野生蕉（Musa spp.，AB group）2个PSAG成员的克隆及生物信息学分析

植物光系统Ⅰ反应中心亚基V (photosystem Ⅰ reaction center subunit V,简称PSAG或PS Ⅰ-G)是光合系统Ⅰ的主要组件.具有维持PSⅠ复合体稳定性的重要作用,并与抗盐密切相关.本研究以福州宦溪野生蕉(Musa spp.AB group)叶片为材料,采用同源克隆的方法,首次分离到PSAG基因的2个成员:PSAG1、PSAG2(GenBank登录号分别为JX317082、JX317083),分别为800、827 bp,分别编码150、160个氨基酸;PSAG1、PSAG2的基因组序列分析表明2个成员均没有内含子.生物信息学分析表明:PSAG1、PSAG2具有PSⅠ的X亚基超家族(photosystem Ⅰ reaction center subunitX psaK)保守结构域,是不具有信号肽的跨膜蛋白,具有亲水性:PSAG1、PSAG2均有4个位点发生磷酸化.宦溪野生蕉PSAG在进化过程中形成了特殊的结构特征,即PSAG1和PSAG2没有内含子,并且在不同物种间保守区具有高度的一致性,为保持PSAG功能的稳定性提供了重要保证.     

Produksie en kwaliteit van ‘n aantal grasspesies in die Combretum‐veld van noord‐transvaal

Uittreksel

Die produksie en kwaliteit van vyf spesies (Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Digitaria eriantha var. pentzii, Schmidtia pappophoroides en Eragrostis rigidior) is by verskillende frekwensies van ontblaring op ontbosde en onontbosde bosveld gemeet. In die daaropvolgende jaar is intensiteit bygebring met minder frekwensies en is die spesies na drie verminder (H. contortus, D. eriantha var. pentzii, en S. pappophoroides).

Ontbossing het by al die spesies, behalwe D. eriantha var. pentzii ’n hoogsbetekenisvolle verhoging in produksie tot gevolg gehad, sonder enige noemenswaardige invloed op kwaliteit.

Die spesies het verskil in hul reaksie op frekwensie van ontblaring, maar die 3‐ weeklikse en jaarlikse ontblarings het byna deurgaans swakker as die 6‐ en 9‐weeklikse onblarings presteer.

Alhoewel die spesies aanvanklik in twee groepe verdeel en aan verskillende stelle ontblaringsintensiteite onderwerp is, het die intensiteit wat 12 cm Stoppel laat, in alle gevalle die hoogste produksie gelewer.     

Two perennial legumes (Astragalus adsurgens Pall. and Lespedeza davurica S.) adapted to semiarid environments are not as productive as lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), but use less water

Perennial forage legumes, particularly lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), play a significant role in crop/livestock mixed farming systems in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau of China as stock feed and a source of nitrogen for subsequent crops. However, there is evidence that lucerne reduces soil water deep in the soil profile, thereby reducing subsequent crop productivity. From 2004 to 2010, this study evaluated the forage productivity and water use of two locally adapted perennial legume species, milk vetch (Astragalus adsurgens Pall.) and bush clover (Lespedeza davurica S.), compared with lucerne. The 7‐year total and average annual forage yield of milk vetch were 56 and 8 t ha^?1 and bush clover was 42 and 6 t ha^?1, respectively, significantly lower than lucerne at 91 and 13 t ha^?1. However, despite lower water‐use efficiencies (16 and 12 kg ha^?1 mm^?1 for milk vetch and bush clover, respectively, compared to 22 kg ha^?1 mm^?1 for lucerne), the total 7‐year water use in milk vetch and bush clover was 3500 mm and 3490 mm, respectively, which was 135–140 mm less than lucerne. After 7 years, lucerne had extracted water from the upper 5 m soil, whereas bush clover used water mainly from the upper 2 m of the soil profile and milk vetch still had some water available below 3 m. We conclude that while the locally adapted forage legumes were not as productive as lucerne as a source of fodder in mixed cropping/livestock system in this region, they use less water, which may be advantageous in drier regions.     

Salmonella serotypes in wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in northern Italy

Background

Salmonella species (spp.) are zoonotic enteric bacteria able to infect humans, livestock and wildlife.However, little is known about the prevalence and the presence of the different serovars in wildlife. Considering the wide distribution of wild boars and the feeding behaviour (omnivorous scavengers), wild boars may be a good indicator for environmental presence of Salmonella spp. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of Salmonella spp. in hunted wild boars and to determine the serotype the isolated strains.

Findings

Over three hunting seasons, the intestinal contents of 1,313 boars hunted in northern Italy were sampled and cultured. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 326 boars (24.82%). Thirty different serovars belonging to three different S. enterica spp. were found. Twenty-one serovars of S. enterica subsp. Enterica were found including the human pathogens S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. In addition, nine serovars belonging to S.enterica subsp. diarizonae and S. enterica subsp. houtenae were detected.

Conclusions

Considering the widespread occurrence of wild boars in Europe, the epidemiological role of this species in relation to salmonellosis might be relevant and should be further investigated. Wild boars may act as healthy carriers of a wide range of Salmonella serotypes.     

A serial cross-sectional study of the prevalence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease on three farms in the lower North Island of New Zealand

AIM: To estimate over a 3-year period following the first release of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) the prevalence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and the abundance of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in an area that historically had low rabbit densities.

METHODS: Three farms grazing predominantly sheep and beef cattle, located close together and with low initial rabbit densities, were selected for study. RHDV had been deliberately released on all farms in December 1997. Farms were visited 2–3 times per year between June 1998 and April 2001. At each visit, rabbits were shot with the aid of spotlights at night and blood samples were collected for detection of RHDV antibodies. Rabbit carcasses were necropsied and the age of the animals was determined. Rabbit abundance on each property was measured throughout the study using spotlight night counts. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the risk of carcasses being seropositive for RHDV.

RESULTS: Rabbit density differed initially between farms (8.2, 9.9, 2.3 rabbits per spotlight km in June 1998), and declined on all three properties over time (1.2, 2.4, 1.1 rabbits per spotlight km in November 2000). Highest antibody titres to RHDV were initially evident on the farm on which rabbits were most abundant. The average prevalence of seropositive rabbits overall was 21% (95% CI=15–28%). Female rabbits tended to be less likely to be seropositive for RHDV than males (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.21–1.02). The odds of becoming seropositive were reduced for rabbits born in the breeding season of 1999–2000 (OR=0.17; 95% CI=0.05–0.64).

CONCLUSIONS: The temporal pattern of outbreaks measured by peaks of seroprevalence differed between closely-spaced farms when they had different rabbit densities, but were similar when rabbit densities were similar. Microclimate and vegetation influencing abundance of insect vectors for RHDV and intrinsic population-related factors like rabbit breeding behaviour are also likely to be involved in local patterns of spread.     

披碱草属野生种质材料在干旱与半干旱区适应性评价

应用灰色理论系统,以搜集自我国8省区的38份披碱草属植物野生种质材料为研究对象,对其株高、叶面积生长动态、草产量、茎叶比、鲜干比及种子产量进行灰色关联度分析.结果表明,株高从拔节期到抽穗期增幅较大,而叶面积从分蘖期到拔节期增幅较大;38份材料鲜草及干草产量差异较大,变异系数分别为39.275％和43.087％;大部分种质材料茎叶比在1.0～2.0之间;不同材料种子产量的变异系数较大;产量与各主要农艺性状的关联度大小顺序为:鲜干比＞种子产量＞茎叶比＞叶面积＞株高.综合分析发现,适应性较好的种质材料有NMC32、BJT37、QHD19、SXD36、XJD11、XJD15、XJS8、XJT2、XJE13和XJD5.     

野生黄蝉兰无菌快繁技术的研究

[目的]建立野生黄蝉兰的无菌快繁技术体系。[方法]以云南野生黄蝉兰为试材,以自交果实为外植体,通过在1／2MS基本培养基中,添加不同浓度的BA和NAA以及附加物质香蕉泥和活性碳进行培养,构建野生黄蝉兰的非共生萌发和快繁技术体系。[结果]野生黄蝉兰在2．0～2．5mg／LBA与0．5～1．0mg／LNAA的激素组合处理下,40d后种子萌发率可达93％;1／2MS＋2．5mg／LBA＋0．1mg／LNAA＋浓度8％香蕉泥培养的野生黄蝉兰丛芽增殖率为320％;1／2MS＋0．3mg／LNAA＋0．3％活性炭诱导生根率达100％,且植株长势正常。[结论]通过植物组织培养技术,成功构建了野生黄蝉兰的非共生萌发和快繁技术体系。